Micronutrients and Older Adults
Marian and Sacks
Nutr Clin Pract 2009;24:179-195.
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Magnesium and Perinatal Asphyxia
Leone and Barbosa
NeoReviews 2007;8:e387-e393.
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Magnesium as an Adjuvant to Postoperative Analgesia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials
Lysakowski et al.
Anesth. Analg. 2007;104:1532-1539.
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Serum Magnesium and Type-2 Diabetes in African Americans and Hispanics: A New York Cohort
Chambers et al.
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2006;25:509-513.
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Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: the InCHIANTI study.
Dominguez et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:419-426.
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A Mg2+-responding RNA That Controls the Expression of a Mg2+ Transporter
GROISMAN et al.
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2006;71:251-258.
ABSTRACT
Review of the Refeeding Syndrome
Kraft et al.
Nutr Clin Pract 2005;20:625-633.
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Treatment of electrolyte disorders in adult patients in the intensive care unit
Kraft et al.
Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005;62:1663-1682.
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Serum magnesium aberrations in furosemide (frusemide) treated patients with congestive heart failure: pathophysiological correlates and prognostic evaluation
Cohen et al.
Heart 2003;89:411-416.
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The CsrR/CsrS two-component system of group A Streptococcus responds to environmental Mg2+
Gryllos et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003;100:4227-4232.
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Reduced Intracellular Mg Concentrations in Patients With Acute Asthma
Zervas et al.
Chest 2003;123:113-118.
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Mutational Analysis of the Escherichia coli PhoQ Sensor Kinase: Differences with the Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium PhoQ Protein and in the Mechanism of Mg2+ and Ca2+ Sensing
Regelmann et al.
J. Bacteriol. 2002;184:5468-5478.
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The YadA Protein of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Mediates High-Efficiency Uptake into Human Cells under Environmental Conditions in Which Invasin Is Repressed
Eitel and Dersch
Infect. Immun. 2002;70:4880-4891.
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IV Magnesium Sulfate in the Treatment of Acute Severe Asthma* : A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Silverman et al.
Chest 2002;122:489-497.
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Altered Cellular Magnesium Responsiveness to Hyperglycemia in Hypertensive Subjects
Barbagallo et al.
Hypertension 2001;38:612-615.
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Insulin-Mimetic Action of Vanadate: Role of Intracellular Magnesium
Barbagallo et al.
Hypertension 2001;38:701-704.
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Use of In Vivo-Regulated Promoters To Deliver Antigens from Attenuated Salmonella enterica var. Typhimurium
Dunstan et al.
Infect. Immun. 1999;67:5133-5141.
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Non-lamellar Structure and Negative Charges of Lipopolysaccharides Required for Efficient Folding of Outer Membrane Protein PhoE of Escherichia coli
de Cock et al.
J. Biol. Chem. 1999;274:5114-5119.
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Magnesium Responsiveness to Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in Erythrocytes from Normotensive and Hypertensive Subjects
Dominguez et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998;83:4402-4407.
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Intracellular and extracellular blood magnesium fractions in hemodialysis patients; is the ionized fraction a measure of magnesium excess?
Huijgen et al.
Clin. Chem. 1998;44:639-648.
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Characterization of the Bacterial Sensor Protein PhoQ. EVIDENCE FOR DISTINCT BINDING SITES FOR Mg2+ AND Ca2+
Vescovi et al.
J. Biol. Chem. 1997;272:1440-1443.
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Lack of Effectiveness of Magnesium in Chronic Stable Asthma: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial in Normal Subjects and in Patients With Chronic Stable Asthma
Bernstein et al.
Arch Intern Med 1995;155:271-276.
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Magnesium Deficiency as a Cause of Hypocalcemia in the CHARGE Association
Shah et al.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148:486-489.
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The Rationale of Magnesium Supplementation in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Review of the Literature
Shechter et al.
Arch Intern Med 1992;152:2189-2196.
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Refractory Potassium Repletion: A Consequence of Magnesium Deficiency
Whang et al.
Arch Intern Med 1992;152:40-45.
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Hypomagnesemia Is a Frequent Finding in the Emergency Department in Patients With Chest Pain
Salem et al.
Arch Intern Med 1991;151:2185-2190.
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Critique of the Clinical Importance of Diuretic-Induced Hypokalemia and Elevated Cholesterol Levels
ROGERS
Arch Intern Med 1990;150:2603-2603.
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Response to Dr Masse's Letter
Kirby and Solomon
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990;14:552-552.
Magnesium (Mg++) is a ubiquitous element in nature, playing a role in photosynthesis and many metabolic functions in humans. All enzymatic reactions that involve adenosine triphosphate have an absolute requirement for Mg++. Levels of Mg++ are controlled by the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract and appear closely linked to calcium, potassium, and sodium metabolism. The clinical manifestations and causes of abnormal Mg++ status are protean. Testing for altered Mg++ homeostasis is problematic. Serum levels, which are those generally measured, reflect only a small part of the total body content of Mg++. The intracellular content can be low, despite normal serum levels in a person with clinical Mg++ deficiency. Future directions in research related to intracellular content of Mg++ are discussed. Treatment of altered Mg++ status depends on the clinical setting and may include the addition of a potassium/Mg++ —sparing drug to an existing diuretic regimen. Guidelines for therapy are given.