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Impact of Plasma Concentrations, Organism, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, and Clinical Condition on Bacterial Eradication

Charles A. Peloquin, PharmD; Thomas J. Cumbo, MD; David E. Nix, PharmD; Mark F. Sands, MD; Jerome J. Schentag, PharmD

Arch Intern Med. 1989;149(10):2269-2273.

Abstract
• Fifty patients with gram-negative lower respiratory tract infections were treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin to evaluate efficacy and safety. Relationships between individual pharmacokinetics and clinical and bacteriologic outcome were studied. Ciprofloxacin concentrations in plasma were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Respiratory secretion cultures were obtained daily to determine the eradication day of the infecting organism. Susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration) to ciprofloxacin and other antimicrobials was determined using standard microdilution techniques. The mean age of the patients was 70 years. They had multiple underlying diseases, and two thirds of them were ventilator dependent at entry. Approximately 50% of the patients had failed previous treatment for the same infections. Patients infected with Enterobacteriaceae or Haemophilus influenzae with minimum inhibitory concentrations of less than 0.25 mg/L responded well to intravenous ciprofloxacin therapy (200 mg every 12 hours). The organisms were eradicated from sputum cultures usually within 1 day after ciprofloxacin therapy was started. Most clinical failures occurred in patients who were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and had multiple underlying diseases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 10 patients with pneumonia, 2 patients with lung abscess, and 1 patient with bronchiectasis. The Pseudomonas isolate acquired resistance during ciprofloxacin treatment in 7 patients with pneumonia and in all of the remaining 3 patients. We conclude that ciprofloxacin is safe and effective at a dosage of 200 mg administered intravenously every 12 hours for nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae or Haemophilus species. Many patients who had failed previous antibiotic treatment for Enterobacteriaceae infections had good clinical response to ciprofloxacin therapy. Studies using either higher dosages of ciprofloxacin or combination therapy should be conducted to determine if acquired resistance can be avoided in Pseudomonas infections.

(Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:2269-2273)

Author Affiliations
From the School of Pharmacy, State University of New York at Buffalo (Drs Peloquin, Nix, and Schentag), and the Department of Medicine (Drs Cumbo and Sands) and the Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (Drs Peloquin, Nix, and Schentag), Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, NY.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication March 27, 1989.

Reprints not available.

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