The Metabolic Syndrome: Definition, Global Impact, and Pathophysiology
Potenza and Mechanick
Nutr Clin Pract 2009;24:560-577.
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Sex Differences in Blood Pressure and Its Relationship to Body Composition and Metabolism in Adolescence
Syme et al.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009;163:818-825.
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Muscle Protein Synthesis and Balance Responsiveness to Essential Amino Acids Ingestion in the Presence of Elevated Plasma Free Fatty Acid Concentrations
Katsanos et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;94:2984-2990.
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Cardiometabolic Risk
Strobl
JAOA: Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 2009;109:ii-S1.
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Prevalence of Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance Among Subtypes of Ischemic Stroke in Japanese Patients
Urabe et al.
Stroke 2009;40:1289-1295.
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Progress and Challenges in Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism
Steinberger et al.
Circulation 2009;119:628-647.
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Serum vaspin levels in type 2 diabetic women in relation to microvascular complications
Gulcelik et al.
Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:65-70.
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The Metabolic Syndrome
Cornier et al.
Endocr. Rev. 2008;29:777-822.
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Intra-abdominal Adiposity and Individual Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescence: Sex Differences and Underlying Mechanisms
Syme et al.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;162:453-461.
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Themed Review: Lifestyle Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome
Janiszewski et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2008;2:99-108.
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Smoking, Fasting Serum Insulin, and Obesity Are the Predictors of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Relatively Young Subjects
Naya et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2008;58:677-684.
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Is Presence of Hypertension in Obese Children Correlate with the Criteria of Metabolic Syndrome?
Mir et al.
J Trop Pediatr 2007;53:424-427.
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Review: Hypertension and the cardiometabolic syndrome in Chile: a review of concepts and consequences for the developing world
Margozzini et al.
Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2007;1:83-90.
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The metabolic syndrome in adults prenatally exposed to the Dutch famine
de Rooij et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;86:1219-1224.
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Adiposity and Cardiovascular Disorders: Disturbance of the Regulatory System Consisting of Humoral and Neuronal Signals
Katagiri et al.
Circ. Res. 2007;101:27-39.
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Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on the Development of Cardiovascular Disease in a General Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study
Ninomiya et al.
Stroke 2007;38:2063-2069.
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Superiority of skinfold measurements and waist over waist-to-hip ratio for determination of body fat distribution in a population-based cohort of Caucasian Dutch adults
Ketel et al.
Eur J Endocrinol 2007;156:655-661.
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Relationship Between Metabolic Risk Factor Clustering and Cardiovascular Mortality Stratified by High Blood Glucose and Obesity: NIPPON DATA90, 1990-2000
Kadota et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:1533-1538.
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The Prediction of Major Outcomes of Type 1 Diabetes: a 12-Year Prospective Evaluation of Three Separate Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome and Their Components and Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate: The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study experience
Pambianco et al.
Diabetes Care 2007;30:1248-1254.
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High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Guven et al.
ANGIOLOGY 2006;57:295-302.
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The Relation between Visceral Fat Measurement and Torso Level--Is One Level Better Than Another?: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, 1990-1992
Warren et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:352-358.
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Women and Ischemic Heart Disease: Pathophysiologic Implications From the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study and Future Research Steps
Quyyumi
J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:S66-S71.
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Prevalence and Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome in Primary Aldosteronism
Fallo et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006;91:454-459.
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A Randomized Comparison of Pioglitazone to Inhibit Restenosis After Coronary Stenting in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Nishio et al.
Diabetes Care 2006;29:101-106.
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Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement
Grundy et al.
Circulation 2005;112:2735-2752.
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Effect of bezafibrate on incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese patients
Tenenbaum et al.
Eur Heart J 2005;26:2032-2038.
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Leptin-mediated activation of human platelets: involvement of a leptin receptor and phosphodiesterase 3A-containing cellular signaling complex
Elbatarny and Maurice
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;289:E695-E702.
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Roles of Insulin Receptor Substrates in Insulin-Induced Stimulation of Renal Proximal Bicarbonate Absorption
Zheng et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2005;16:2288-2295.
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Knowledge-based computational search for genes associated with the metabolic syndrome
Matsunaga and Muramatsu
Bioinformatics 2005;21:3146-3154.
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Introduction to the metabolic syndrome
Alberti
Eur Heart J Suppl 2005;7:D3-D5.
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Bezafibrate for the Secondary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome
Tenenbaum et al.
Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1154-1160.
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Heart disease risk among metabolically healthy obese men and metabolically unhealthy lean men
Janssen
CMAJ 2005;172:1315-1316.
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Obesity, Risk Factors, and Predicting Cardiovascular Events
Criqui
Circulation 2005;111:1869-1870.
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Body Build and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Hypertension and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: The LIFE (Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension) Study
de Simone et al.
Circulation 2005;111:1924-1931.
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Effect of Metabolic Syndrome on Heart Attack and Mortality in Mexican-American Elderly Persons: Findings of 7-Year Follow-Up From the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly
Otiniano et al.
Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2005;60:466-470.
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Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease
Roberts and Barnard
J. Appl. Physiol. 2005;98:3-30.
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Prevalence and Factor Analysis of Metabolic Syndrome in an Urban Korean Population
Oh et al.
Diabetes Care 2004;27:2027-2032.
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (-468 Gly to Ala) at the Promoter Region of Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein-1c Associates with Genetic Defect of Fructose-induced Hepatic Lipogenesis
Nagata et al.
J. Biol. Chem. 2004;279:29031-29042.
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Visceral Adiposity Is an Independent Predictor of Incident Hypertension in Japanese Americans
Hayashi et al.
ANN INTERN MED 2004;140:992-1000.
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Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome
Coughlin et al.
Eur Heart J 2004;25:735-741.
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Obesity and hypertension: two epidemics or one?
Davy and Hall
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2004;286:R803-R813.
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Clinical Importance of Obesity Versus the Metabolic Syndrome in Cardiovascular Risk in Women: A Report From the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study
Kip et al.
Circulation 2004;109:706-713.
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Adiponectin and Metabolic Syndrome
Matsuzawa et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2004;24:29-33.
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Metabolic risks identified by the combination of enlarged waist and elevated triacylglycerol concentration
Kahn and Valdez
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003;78:928-934.
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Fractional Esterification Rate of Cholesterol and Ratio of Triglycerides to HDL-Cholesterol Are Powerful Predictors of Positive Findings on Coronary Angiography
Frohlich and Dobiasova
Clin. Chem. 2003;49:1873-1880.
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Visceral Adiposity and the Prevalence of Hypertension in Japanese Americans
Hayashi et al.
Circulation 2003;108:1718-1723.
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A case-control study of the association of diet and obesity with gout in Taiwan
Lyu et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003;78:690-701.
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Relationship of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, and Autoantibodies to Weight Gain and Lipids With Intensive and Conventional Therapy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
Purnell et al.
Diabetes 2003;52:2623-2629.
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Peripheral, But Not Central, Administration of Adiponectin Reduces Visceral Adiposity and Upregulates the Expression of Uncoupling Protein in Agouti Yellow (Ay/a) Obese Mice
Masaki et al.
Diabetes 2003;52:2266-2273.
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Whole Grain Intake Is Associated with Lower Body Mass and Greater Insulin Sensitivity among Adolescents
Steffen et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2003;158:243-250.
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Alcohol Drinking Patterns Differentially Affect Central Adiposity as Measured by Abdominal Height in Women and Men
Dorn et al.
J. Nutr. 2003;133:2655-2662.
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Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among Omani Adults
Al-Lawati et al.
Diabetes Care 2003;26:1781-1785.
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Visceral Adiposity and the Risk of Impaired Glucose Tolerance: A prospective study among Japanese Americans
Hayashi et al.
Diabetes Care 2003;26:650-655.
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Cardiovascular effects of leptin and orexins
Shirasaka et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2003;284:R639-R651.
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Components of the Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in Beaver Dam
Klein et al.
Diabetes Care 2002;25:1790-1794.
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Coordinated Regulation of Fat-Specific and Liver-Specific Glycerol Channels, Aquaporin Adipose and Aquaporin 9
Kuriyama et al.
Diabetes 2002;51:2915-2921.
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ADRP stimulates lipid accumulation and lipid droplet formation in murine fibroblasts
Imamura et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002;283:E775-E783.
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A Waist Is a Terrible Thing to Mind : Central Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome
Brown
Chest 2002;122:774-778.
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A Prospective Study of Obesity and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Diabetic Women
Cho et al.
Diabetes Care 2002;25:1142-1148.
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Insulin Resistance as an Independent Predictor of Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease
Shinohara et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2002;13:1894-1900.
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Decreased Plasma Adiponectin Concentrations in Women with Dyslipidemia
Matsubara et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002;87:2764-2769.
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Leptin Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with Hypertension Independent of Obesity
Shintani et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002;87:2909-2912.
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Hypercortisolemic Depression Is Associated With Increased Intra-Abdominal Fat
Weber-Hamann et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2002;64:274-277.
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Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults With Diabetes: Prevalence and Missed Opportunities for Physician Counseling
Egede and Zheng
Arch Intern Med 2002;162:427-433.
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Dietary Intake of Phytoestrogens Is Associated with a Favorable Metabolic Cardiovascular Risk Profile in Postmenopausal U.S. Women: The Framingham Study
de Kleijn et al.
J. Nutr. 2002;132:276-282.
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Increased lymphatic lipid transport in genetically diabetic obese rats
Hayashi et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2002;282:G69-G76.
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Association Between SAH, an Acyl-CoA Synthetase Gene, and Hypertriglyceridemia, Obesity, and Hypertension
Iwai et al.
Circulation 2002;105:41-47.
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Visceral Fat Is a Major Contributor for Multiple Risk Factor Clustering in Japanese Men With Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Nagaretani et al.
Diabetes Care 2001;24:2127-2133.
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Long-Term Ingestion of Dietary Diacylglycerol Lowers Serum Triacylglycerol in Type II Diabetic Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia
Yamamoto et al.
J. Nutr. 2001;131:3204-3207.
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Modeling Preclinical Cardiovascular Risk for Use in Epidemiologic Studies: Miami Community Health Study
Goldstein et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:765-776.
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Orexin depolarizes rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons
Shirasaka et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2001;281:R1114-R1118.
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Markers of Inflammation and Cellular Adhesion Molecules in Relation to Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Elderly: The Rotterdam Study
Hak et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001;86:4398-4405.
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Ultrasonography for the Evaluation of Visceral Fat and Cardiovascular Risk
Ribeiro-Filho et al.
Hypertension 2001;38:713-717.
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The silent sextet
Campbell and Purcell
British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease 2001;1:3-6.
Heritability Estimates of Obesity Measures in Siblings With and Without Hypertension
Pausova et al.
Hypertension 2001;38:41-47.
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Updated Guidelines for Cholesterol Management
Lauer and Fontanarosa
JAMA 2001;285:2508-2509.
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Reversibility of Chronic Experimental Syndrome X by Diet Modification
Roberts et al.
Hypertension 2001;37:1323-1328.
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Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome
Isomaa et al.
Diabetes Care 2001;24:683-689.
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Accumulation of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein in Subjects With Abdominal Obesity : The Biguanides and the Prevention of the Risk of Obesity (BIGPRO) 1 Study
Bard et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2001;21:407-414.
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Central Infusion of Histamine Reduces Fat Accumulation and Upregulates UCP Family in Leptin-Resistant Obese Mice
Masaki et al.
Diabetes 2001;50:376-384.
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Insulin Resistance: Cellular and Clinical Concepts
Cefalu
Exp. Biol. Med. 2001;226:13-26.
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Excess portal venous long-chain fatty acids induce syndrome X via HPA axis and sympathetic activation
Benthem et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000;279:E1286-E1293.
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Is inactivity the origin of essential hypertension: should we all be runners?
Macnair
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000;15:1751-1754.
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How deadly is the "deadly quartet"?: A post-CABG evaluation
Sprecher and Pearce
J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1159-1165.
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Leptin, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma}, and CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein-{alpha} mRNA Expression in Adipose Tissue of Humans and Their Relation to Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Krempler et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2000;20:443-449.
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Sympathetic and cardiovascular actions of orexins in conscious rats
Shirasaka et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 1999;277:R1780-R1785.
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Altered abdominal fat distribution and its association with the serum lipid profile in non-diabetic haemodialysis patients
Odamaki et al.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999;14:2427-2432.
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Hyperinsulinemia and Related Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in the Population at Cardiovascular Risk: A Community-based Study
Chien et al.
Clin. Chem. 1999;45:838-846.
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Altered Pressure-Natriuresis in Obese Zucker Rats
Fujiwara et al.
Hypertension 1999;33:1470-1475.
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Western-Type Diets Induce Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice But Do Not Increase Aortic Atherosclerosis Compared With Normoinsulinemic Mice in Which Similar Plasma Cholesterol Levels Are Achieved by a Fructose-Rich Diet
Merat et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 1999;19:1223-1230.
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Altered muscle metabolism associated with vasoconstriction in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Ye and Colquhoun
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998;275:E1007-E1015.
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Intralipid Enhances {alpha}1-Adrenergic Receptor–Mediated Pressor Sensitivity
Haastrup et al.
Hypertension 1998;32:693-698.
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Insulin-Mediated Growth in Aortic Smooth Muscle and the Vascular Renin-Angiotensin System
Kamide et al.
Hypertension 1998;32:482-487.
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Childhood Obesity, Adipose Tissue Distribution, and the Pediatric Practitioner
Slyper
Pediatrics 1998;102:4e-4.
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Plasma Lipid Response to Hypolipidemic Diets in Young Healthy Non-Obese Men Varies with Body Mass Index
Jansen et al.
J. Nutr. 1998;128:1144-1149.
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Association between Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Children and Young Adults
Berenson et al.
NEJM 1998;338:1650-1656.
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Diet-induced insulin resistance precedes other aspects of the metabolic syndrome
Barnard et al.
J. Appl. Physiol. 1998;84:1311-1315.
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Cardiovascular Disease Insulin Risk in Mexican-American and Anglo-American Children and Mothers
Reaven et al.
Pediatrics 1998;101
:e12-e12.
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Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom prospective diabetes study (UKPDS: 23)
Turner et al.
BMJ 1998;316:823-828.
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