This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

The NHANES I Epidemiologie Follow-up Study

Richard F. Gillum, MD; Michael E. Mussolino; Jennifer H. Madans, PhD

Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(5):537-542.

Abstract
Objective
To assess the level of fish consumption as a risk factor for stroke.

Methods
Participants were members of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, a longitudinal cohort study of a national sample. Included in this analysis were white and black women and men aged 45 to 74 years when examined in 1971 through 1975 who did not report a history of stroke at that time. Av-erage follow-up for survivors was 12 years (maximum, 16 years). The main outcome measure was incident stroke (fatal and nonfatal). Fish consumption at baseline was obtained from a 3-month food frequency questionnaire.

Results
White women aged 45 to 74 years who consumed fish more than once a week had an age-adjusted risk of stroke incidence only about half that of women who never consumed fish. This effect persisted after controlling for multiple stroke risk variables (relative risk, 0.55; 95% confidence interval [ CI], 0.32 to 0.93). Fish consumption more than once a week compared with never was not associated with age-adjusted stroke risk in white men aged 45 to 74 years (relative risk, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.49 to 1.46). In black women and men combined aged 45 to 74 years, any fish consumption compared with never was significantly associated with reduced adjusted stroke risk (relative risk, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.88).

Conclusions
White women who consumed fish more than once a week had significantly lower stroke incidence than those who never consumed fish. A similar protective effect was seen in black women and men combined. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to elucidate mechanisms for the effect of fish consumption on stroke incidence.

(Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:537-542)

Author Affiliations
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Md.

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Fish, {omega}-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Mortality From Cardiovascular Diseases in a Nationwide Community-Based Cohort of Japanese Men and Women: The JACC (Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk) Study
Yamagishi et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:988-996.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not {alpha}-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review
Wang et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:5-17.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Associations of plant food, dairy product, and meat intakes with 15-y incidence of elevated blood pressure in young black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Steffen et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;82:1169-1177.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fish Consumption and Cognitive Decline With Age in a Large Community Study
Morris et al.
Arch Neurol 2005;62:1849-1853.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Effect Size Estimates of Lifestyle and Dietary Changes on All-Cause Mortality in Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Systematic Review
Iestra et al.
Circulation 2005;112:924-934.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fish Consumption and Stroke Risk in Elderly Individuals: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Mozaffarian et al.
Arch Intern Med 2005;165:200-206.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fish Consumption and Incidence of Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
He et al.
Stroke 2004;35:1538-1542.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Commentary: Protection from stroke by eating animal foods? Surely not!
Fraser
Int J Epidemiol 2003;32:543-545.
FULL TEXT  

Consumption of Fish and n-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease
Morris et al.
Arch Neurol 2003;60:940-946.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease
Kris-Etherton et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2003;23:e20-30.
FULL TEXT  

Fish Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Men
He et al.
JAMA 2002;288:3130-3136.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease
Kris-Etherton et al.
Circulation 2002;106:2747-2757.
FULL TEXT  

Effect of dietary supplementation with {omega}-3 fatty acids on progression of atherosclerosis in carotid arteries
Angerer et al.
Cardiovasc Res 2002;54:183-190.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fish and Shellfish Consumption in Relation to Death from Myocardial Infarction among Men in Shanghai, China
Yuan et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:809-816.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Intake of Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Stroke in Women
Iso et al.
JAMA 2001;285:304-312.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Consumption of Fruit and Wine and the Decline in Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality in Spain (1975–1993)
Artalejo et al.
Stroke 1998;29:1556-1561.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT