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Maurice M. Ohayon, MD, DSc; Malijai Caulet, MD; Pierre Philip, MD; Christian Guilleminault, MD; Robert G. Priest, MD, FRCP(Ed), FRCPsych

Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(22):2645-2652.

Abstract
Background
Daytime sleepiness is widespread and has negative impacts on the public sector.

Objective
To ascertain the incidence and prevalence of daytime sleepiness and associated risk factors in the general population.

Method
In 1994, a representative sample of the noninstitutionalized British population aged 15 years or older was interviewed via telephone using an expert computer-assisted program designed to facilitate surveys of this type (Sleep-Eval, M. M. Ohayon, Montreal, Quebec). Subjects were classified into 3 groups based on the severity of their daytime sleepiness. We completed 4972 interviews (acceptance rate, 79.6%).

Results
Severe daytime sleepiness was reported in 5.5% (95% confidence interval, 4.9%-6.1%) of the sample, and moderate daytime sleepiness in another 15.2% (95% confidence interval, 14.2%-16.2%). Associated factors with severe daytime sleepiness included female sex, middle age, napping, insomnia symptoms, high daily caffeine consumption, breathing pauses or leg pain in sleep, depres

sive disorder (based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria), falling asleep while reading or watching television, and motor vehicle crashes or accidents involving use of machinery. Moderate daytime sleepiness was associated with female sex, napping, insomnia symptoms, arthritis or heart disease, and gross motor movements during sleep.

Conclusions
It is likely that daytime sleepiness deleteriously affects work activities, social and/or marital life, and exhibits a negative socioeconomic impact. In addition, the risk of a motor vehicle crash appears to be higher in this specific population: twice as many subjects operating a motor vehicle or using machine tools reported having a crash or accident, respectively, in the previous year in the groups with severe daytime sleepiness or moderate daytime sleepiness than did the general population with no daytime sleepiness. The high prevalence rates of daytime sleepiness and multiplicity of related factors mandate further scrutiny by public health officials.

Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2645-2652

Author Affiliations
From the Centre de Recherche Philippe Pinel de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec (Drs Ohayon and Caulet); Laboratoire du Sommeil, CHR Bordeaux, Hôpital Saint André, Bordeaux, France (Dr Philip); Stanford University School of Medicine, Sleep Disorders Center, Stanford, Calif (Dr Guilleminault); and University of London, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, London, England (Dr Priest).

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