 |
|
Hyperhomocysteinemia Is Associated With the Presence of Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
The Hoorn Study
Ellen K. Hoogeveen, MD;
Pieter J. Kostense, PhD;
Petra E. D. Eysink, MD;
Bettine C. P. Polak, MD;
Pieter J. Beks, MD;
Cornelis Jakobs, PhD;
Jacqueline M. Dekker, PhD;
Giel Nijpels, MD;
Robert J. Heine, MD;
Lex M. Bouter, PhD;
Coen D. A. Stehouwer, MD
Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2984-2990.
Background Retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Hyperhomocysteinemia is a recently recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease, independent of established risk factors.
Objective To study the association between the homocysteine level and retinopathy among subjects with and without DM.
Methods We studied an age-, sex-, and glucose tolerance–stratified random sample of a 50- to 75-year-old general white population in the Hoorn Study (N = 625). Retinal vascular changes (retinopathy) were assessed using ophthalmoscopy and/or fundus photography. Hyperhomocysteinemia was defined as a serum total homocysteine level greater than 16 µmol/L.
Results The prevalence of retinopathy was 9.8% (28/285) in subjects with normal glucose tolerance, 11.8% (20/169) in those with impaired glucose tolerance, 9.4% (10/106) in those with newly diagnosed type 2 DM, and 32.3% (21/65) in those with known type 2 DM. The prevalence of retinopathy was 10.3% (39/380) in subjects without hypertension and 16.3% (40/245) in subjects with hypertension; it was 12.0% (64/534) in subjects with a serum total homocysteine level of 16 µmol/L or less and 16.5% (15/91) in those with a serum total homocysteine level of more than 16 µmol/L. After stratification for DM and adjustment for age, sex, glycosylated hemoglobin, and hypertension, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the relation between retinopathy and hyperhomocysteinemia was 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.42-2.82) in patients without DM and 3.44 (95% confidence interval, 1.13-10.42) in patients with DM (P = .08 for interaction).
Conclusion The findings suggest that hyperhomocysteinemia may be a risk factor for retinopathy in patients with type 2 DM, but probably not in patients without DM.
From the Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (Drs Hoogeveen, Eysink, Beks, Dekker, Nijpels, and Bouter) and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Dr Kostense), Vrije Universiteit, and the Departments of Ophthalmology (Dr Polak), Clinical Chemistry (Dr Jakobs), and Internal Medicine (Drs Heine and Stehouwer), University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
Homocysteine and Diabetic Retinopathy
Brazionis et al.
Diabetes Care 2008;31:50-56.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Blood Pressure, Lipids, and Obesity Are Associated With Retinopathy: The Hoorn Study
van Leiden et al.
Diabetes Care 2002;25:1320-1325.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
C-Reactive Protein and Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Are Associated With Elevated Urinary Albumin Excretion but Do Not Explain Its Link With Cardiovascular Risk
Jager et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2002;22:593-598.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Select Vitamins and Minerals in the Management of Diabetes
O'Connell
Diabetes Spectr. 2001;14:133-148.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
C-Reactive Protein and Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Are Associated With Elevated Urinary Albumin Excretion but Do Not Explain Its Link With Cardiovascular Risk
Jager et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2002;22:593-598.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
|
