This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on ISI (23)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Topic Collections  • Obesity  • Cardiovascular System  • Congestive Heart Failure/ Cardiomyopathy  • Alert me on articles by topic  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study

Jiang He, MD, PhD; Lorraine G. Ogden, MS; Lydia A. Bazzano, PhD; Suma Vupputuri, MPH, PhD; Catherine Loria, PhD, MS; Paul K. Whelton, MD, MSc

Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1619-1624.

Background  Cross-sectional epidemiologic studies suggest that a higher intake of dietary sodium is associated with an increased risk of left ventricular hypertrophy. We studied the relationship between dietary sodium intake and incidence of congestive heart failure (CHF) in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study participants.

Participants and Methods  The study sample consisted of 5233 nonoverweight and 5129 overweight men and women without a history of CHF at their baseline examination. Dietary sodium and other nutrient intake estimates were obtained by a 24-hour dietary recall method at the baseline examination, conducted from 1971 to 1975. The incidence of CHF was assessed using medical records and death certificates obtained in 1982 to 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1992.

Results  During an average of 19 years of follow-up, we documented 413 cases of CHF in nonoverweight and 679 cases of CHF in overweight participants. After adjustment for known CHF risk factors, the relative risk of CHF among overweight participants was 1.43 (95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.91) for those whose sodium intake was greater than 113.6 mmol/d compared with those whose intake was less than 50.2 mmol/d. The relative risks of CHF for a 100-mmol/d higher intake of sodium or per 1743 kcal (average energy intake in the study population) were 1.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.53) and 1.21 (95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.40), respectively.

Conclusions  A higher intake of dietary sodium is a strong independent risk factor for CHF in overweight persons. A reduction in sodium intake may play an important role in the prevention of CHF in overweight individuals and populations.

From the Departments of Epidemiology (Drs He, Bazzano, Vupputuri, and Whelton) and Biostatistics (Ms Ogden), Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, La; the Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans (Drs He and Whelton); and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md (Dr Loria).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Consistency With the DASH Diet and Incidence of Heart Failure
Levitan et al.
Arch Intern Med 2009;169:851-857.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Metabolic Syndrome
Cornier et al.
Endocr. Rev. 2008;29:777-822.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevention of Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Councils on Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Cardiology, Cardiovascular Nursing, and High Blood Pressure Research; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group; and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group
Schocken et al.
Circulation 2008;117:2544-2565.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Impact of Dietary Patterns and Interventions on Cardiovascular Health
Zarraga and Schwarz
Circulation 2006;114:961-973.
FULL TEXT  

Effect of potassium-enriched salt on cardiovascular mortality and medical expenses of elderly men
Chang et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:1289-1296.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dietary Approaches to Prevent and Treat Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Appel et al.
Hypertension 2006;47:296-308.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Links Between Dietary Salt Intake, Renal Salt Handling, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Diseases
Meneton et al.
Physiol. Rev. 2005;85:679-715.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Human adipocytes secrete mineralocorticoid-releasing factors
Ehrhart-Bornstein et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003;100:14211-14216.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Salt Intake and Sympathetic Activity * Response
He et al.
Circulation 2003;107 :e108-e108.
FULL TEXT  

Insignificant Data Cannot Yield Statistically Significant Conclusions
Engelman and Mattes
Arch Intern Med 2003;163:851-855.
FULL TEXT  

Insignificant Data Cannot Yield Statistically Significant Conclusions--Reply
He
Arch Intern Med 2003;163:856-856.
FULL TEXT  

Nutrition in primary care: scope and relevance of output from the Cochrane Collaboration
van Binsbergen et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003;77:1083S-1088.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT