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Coffee Intake and Risk of Hypertension
The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study
Michael J. Klag, MD, MPH;
Nae-Yuh Wang, PhD;
Lucy A. Meoni, ScM;
Frederick L. Brancati, MD, MHS;
Lisa A. Cooper, MD, MPH;
Kung-Yee Liang, PhD;
J. Hunter Young, MD, MHS;
Daniel E. Ford, MD, MPH
Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:657-662.
Background Whether the increase in blood pressure with coffee drinking seen in
clinical trials persists over time and translates into an increased incidence
of hypertension is not known.
Methods We assessed coffee intake in a cohort of 1017 white male former medical
students (mean age, 26 years) in graduating classes from 1948 to 1964 up to
11 times over a median follow-up of 33 years. Blood pressure and incidence
of hypertension were determined annually by self-report, demonstrated to be
accurate in this cohort.
Results Consumption of 1 cup of coffee a day raised systolic blood pressure
by 0.19 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.35) and diastolic pressure
by 0.27 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.39) after adjustment for parental
incidence of hypertension and time-dependent body mass index, cigarette smoking,
alcohol drinking, and physical activity in analyses using generalized estimating
equations. Compared with nondrinkers at baseline, coffee drinkers had a greater
incidence of hypertension during follow-up (18.8% vs 28.3%; P = .03). Relative risk (95% confidence interval) of hypertension associated
with drinking 5 or more cups a day was 1.35 (0.87-2.08) for baseline intake
and 1.60 (1.06-2.40) for intake over follow-up. After adjustment for the variables
listed above, however, these associations were not statistically significant.
Conclusion Over many years of follow-up, coffee drinking is associated with small
increases in blood pressure, but appears to play a small role in the development
of hypertension.
From the Departments of Medicine (Drs Klag, Wang, Brancati, Cooper,
Young, and Ford, and Ms Meoni), Epidemiology (Drs Klag, Brancati, Liang, and
Ford), Health Policy and Management (Drs Klag, Cooper, and Ford), and Biostatistics
(Ms Meoni and Dr Liang), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and
The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore,
Md.
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