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Richard D. Semba, MD, MPH; Barbara K. Martin, PhD; John H. Kempen, MD, PhD; Jennifer E. Thorne, MD; Albert W. Wu, MD, MPH; for the Studies of the Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group

Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2229-2236.

Background  To our knowledge, the relationship between changes in hemoglobin level and energy and physical functioning in the anemic and "normal" ranges of hemoglobin among individuals with AIDS has not been well characterized.

Methods  In a multicenter, prospective, cohort study involving 19 clinics in the United States, 1406 individuals, 13 years and older, with AIDS were administered the Medical Outcomes Study HIV [human immunodeficiency virus] Health Survey (MOS-HIV) at baseline and at 3- to 6-month follow-up visits. Energy and physical functioning scores were the main outcomes.

Results  At baseline, a higher hemoglobin level was associated with a higher energy score and a higher physical functioning score (P < .001 for both), after adjusting for CD4 lymphocyte count, sex, age, education, and HIV risk factor. In longitudinal analyses, increases in hemoglobin were associated with increases in energy and physical functioning scores (P < .001 for both), after adjusting for CD4 lymphocyte count, sex, age, education, and HIV risk factor. Changes in the energy scales were, on average, 1.5 and 2.3 scale points per 1-g/dL change in hemoglobin level in the normal and anemic ranges, respectively. For the physical functioning scale, average changes were 2.7 and 2.6 scale points per 1-g/dL change in hemoglobin level in the normal and anemic ranges, respectively.

Conclusions  Higher levels of hemoglobin are associated with better quality of life among individuals with AIDS. Changes in hemoglobin level within the conventional normal range of hemoglobin are also significantly associated with changes in quality of life.

Author Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Drs Semba and Kempen), and Departments of Epidemiology (Drs Martin and Thorne) and Health Policy and Management (Dr Wu), The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.

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