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Gregory Marcus, MD; Joshua Vessey, MD; Mark V. Jordan, MD; Michele Huddleston, RN; Barry McKeown, MD; Ivor L. Gerber, MD; Elyse Foster, MD; Kanu Chatterjee, MB; Charles E. McCulloch, PhD; Andrew D. Michaels, MD

Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:617-622.

Background  Poor performance by physicians-in-training and interobserver variability between physicians have diminished clinicians' confidence in the value of the third heart sound (S3).

Methods  To determine whether auscultation of a clinically useful S3 improves with advancing levels of experience, we performed a prospective, blinded, observational study of 100 patients undergoing left-sided heart catheterization. Patients underwent blinded auscultation by 4 physicians (each from 1 of 4 different levels of experience), phonocardiography, measurement of blood B-type natriuretic peptide levels, echocardiography for measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction, and cardiac catheterization for measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.

Results  Whereas residents' and interns' auscultatory findings demonstrated no significant agreement with phonocardiographic findings, an S3 auscultated by cardiology fellows ( = 0.37; P<.001) and cardiology attendings ( = 0.29; P = .003) agreed with phonocardiographic findings. Although the sensitivities of the S3 were low (13%-52%) for identifying patients with abnormal measures of left ventricular function, the specificities were high (85%-95%), with the best test characteristics exhibited by phonocardiography and more experienced physicians. The S3 detected by attendings and fellows was superior in distinguishing an elevated B-type natriuretic peptide level, a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction, or an elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P = .002-.02 for attendings and .02-.03 for fellows) compared with residents (P = .02-.47) or interns (P = .09-.64).

Conclusions  The S3 auscultated by more experienced physicians demonstrated fair agreement with phonocardiographic findings. Although correlations were superior for phonocardiography, the associations between the S3 and abnormal markers of left ventricular function improved with each level of auscultator experience.

Author Affiliations: Division of Cardiology (Drs Marcus, Vessey, Jordan, McKeown, Gerber, Foster, Chatterjee, and Michaels and Ms Huddleston) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Dr McCulloch), University of California, San Francisco.

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