• Online Features  This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on Web of Science (197)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Topic Collections  • Cardiovascular System  • Diet  • Cardiovascular Disease/ Myocardial Infarction  • Alert me on articles by topic  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Data From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

David Martins, MD, MS; Myles Wolf, MD, MMSc; Deyu Pan, MS; Ashraf Zadshir, MD; Naureen Tareen, MD; Ravi Thadhani, MD, MPH; Arnold Felsenfeld, MD; Barton Levine, MD; Rajnish Mehrotra, MD; Keith Norris, MD

Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(11):1159-1165.

Background  Results of several epidemiologic and clinical studies have suggested that there is an excess risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in persons with suboptimal intake of vitamin D.

Methods  We examined the association between serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and select cardiovascular disease risk factors in US adults. A secondary analysis was performed with data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a national probability survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 1994, with oversampling of persons 60 years and older, non-Hispanic black individuals, and Mexican American individuals.

Results  There were 7186 male and 7902 female adults 20 years and older with available data in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The mean 25(OH)D level in the overall sample was 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L). The 25(OH)D levels were lower in women, elderly persons (60 years), racial/ethnic minorities, and participants with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. The adjusted prevalence of hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.30), diabetes mellitus (OR, 1.98), obesity (OR, 2.29), and high serum triglyceride levels (OR, 1.47) was significantly higher in the first than in the fourth quartile of serum 25(OH)D levels (P<.001 for all).

Conclusions  Serum 25(OH)D levels are associated with important cardiovascular disease risk factors in US adults. Prospective studies to assess a direct benefit of cholecalciferol (vitamin D) supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors are warranted.

Author Affiliations: Department of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, Calif (Drs Martins, Zadshir, Tareen, and Norris and Mr Pan); The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of Calfornia, Los Angeles (Drs Martins, Felsenfeld, Levine, Mehrotra, and Norris); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (Drs Wolf and Thadhani); Department of Medicine, VA Greater LA Healthcare System, Los Angeles (Drs Felsenfeld and Levine); and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, Calif (Dr Mehrotra).

CiteULike    Connotea    Delicious    Digg    Facebook    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Vitamin D deficiency is a predictor of reduced survival in patients with heart failure; vitamin D supplementation improves outcome
Gotsman et al.
Eur J Heart Fail 2012;0:hfr175v1-hfr175.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

New Insights About Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review
McGreevy and Williams
ANN INTERN MED 2011;155:820-826.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Pulmonary Function in Older Disabled Community-Dwelling Women
Semba et al.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011;0:glr213v1-glr213.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Glucocorticoid Use and Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 2001-2006
Skversky et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011;96:3838-3845.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Low 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with total adiposity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension in Caucasian children and adolescents
Pacifico et al.
Eur J Endocrinol 2011;165:603-611.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dairy Components and Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Syndrome: Recent Evidence and Opportunities for Future Research
Rice et al.
Adv Nutr 2011;2:396-407.
 

Implications for Nutrition Practice in the Mineral-Bone Disorder of Chronic Kidney Disease
Moore
Nutr Clin Pract 2011;26:391-400.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Serum Phosphate Levels With Aortic Valve Sclerosis and Annular Calcification: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Linefsky et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:291-297.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D Status Is Associated With Arterial Stiffness and Vascular Dysfunction in Healthy Humans
Al Mheid et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:186-192.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women
Chacko et al.
Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:209-217.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D levels in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship with disease activity, vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis
Mok et al.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;0:ker212v1-ker212.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Serum Antioxidant Status Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults in Recent National Surveys
Beydoun et al.
J. Nutr. 2011;141:903-913.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Associations of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcium with cardiovascular risk factors in US adolescents
Williams et al.
Heart 2011;97:315-320.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Low Vitamin D among HIV-Infected Adults: Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Low Vitamin D Levels in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Adults and Comparison to Prevalence among Adults in the US General Population
Dao et al.
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011;52:396-405.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency/Deficiency in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Associations with Disease Severity and Activity
KERR et al.
The Journal of Rheumatology 2011;38:53-59.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Oral Administration of an Active Form of Vitamin D3 (Calcitriol) Decreases Atherosclerosis in Mice by Inducing Regulatory T Cells and Immature Dendritic Cells With Tolerogenic Functions
Takeda et al.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 2010;30:2495-2503.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Tang et al.
Arch Dermatol 2010;146:1105-1110.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The vitamin D system: a crosstalk between the heart and kidney
Cozzolino et al.
Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:1031-1041.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

First Trimester Vitamin D, Vitamin D Binding Protein, and Subsequent Preeclampsia
Powe et al.
Hypertension 2010;56:758-763.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Associations among 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Diet Quality, and Metabolic Disturbance Differ by Adiposity in Adults in the United States
Beydoun et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010;95:3814-3827.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased all-cause mortality risk in a general population: the Tromso study
Hutchinson et al.
Eur J Endocrinol 2010;162:935-942.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D, Adiposity, and Calcified Atherosclerotic Plaque in African-Americans
Freedman et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010;95:1076-1083.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and high arterial blood pressure in the elderly
Almirall et al.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25:503-509.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D, Race, and Cardiovascular Mortality: Findings From a National US Sample
Fiscella and Franks
Ann Fam Med 2010;8:11-18.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Adiposity, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Vitamin D Status: The Framingham Heart Study
Cheng et al.
Diabetes 2010;59:242-248.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels, Race, and the Progression of Kidney Disease
Melamed et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009;20:2631-2639.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A new role for vitamin D receptor activation in chronic kidney disease
Valdivielso et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2009;297:F1502-F1509.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D Status and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Death
Kilkkinen et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2009;170:1032-1039.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Plasma Vitamin D Levels with Adiposity in Hispanic and African Americans
Young et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;94:3306-3313.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D, Proteinuria, Diabetic Nephropathy, and Progression of CKD
Agarwal
CJASN 2009;4:1523-1528.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D and the Cardiovascular System
Artaza et al.
CJASN 2009;4:1515-1522.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D Status and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the United States Adolescent Population
Reis et al.
Pediatrics 2009;124:e371-e379.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Inversely Associate with Risk for Developing Coronary Artery Calcification
de Boer et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009;20:1805-1812.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D in relation to metabolic risk factors, insulin sensitivity and adiponectin in a young Middle-Eastern population
Gannage-Yared et al.
Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:965-971.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D Affects Survival Independently of Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease
Barreto et al.
CJASN 2009;4:1128-1135.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers
Zittermann et al.
Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1321-1327.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Micronutrients and Older Adults
Marian and Sacks
Nutr Clin Pract 2009;24:179-195.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Implications of a New Definition of Vitamin D Deficiency in a Multiracial US Adolescent Population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Saintonge et al.
Pediatrics 2009;123:797-803.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D reduces the expression of collagen and key profibrotic factors by inducing an antifibrotic phenotype in mesenchymal multipotent cells
Artaza and Norris
J Endocrinol 2009;200:207-221.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D Deficiency: An Important, Common, and Easily Treatable Cardiovascular Risk Factor?
Lee et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1949-1956.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Differences in vitamin D status as a possible contributor to the racial disparity in peripheral arterial disease
Reis et al.
Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1469-1477.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

American College of Endocrinology Pre-Diabetes Consensus Conference: Part Three
Bloomgarden
Diabetes Care 2008;31:2404-2409.
FULL TEXT  

Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease Complications in US Adults: Racial Implications of a Single GFR Threshold
Ibrahim et al.
CJASN 2008;3:1792-1799.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Incident Hypertension Among Young Women
Forman et al.
Hypertension 2008;52:828-832.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The "Sunshine Deficit" and Cardiovascular Disease
Wallis et al.
Circulation 2008;118:1476-1485.
FULL TEXT  

25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and the Risk of Mortality in the General Population
Melamed et al.
Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1629-1637.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Relation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels with metabolic syndrome among US adults.
Reis et al.
Eur J Endocrinol 2008;159:41-48.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hypovitaminosis D in Chronic Kidney Disease
Mehrotra et al.
CJASN 2008;3:1144-1151.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Impact of Activated Vitamin D and Race on Survival among Hemodialysis Patients
Wolf et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008;19:1379-1388.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Race, Gender, and Socioeconomic Disparities in CKD in the United States
Norris and Nissenson
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008;19:1261-1270.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Independent Association of Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Levels With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality
Dobnig et al.
Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1340-1349.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin D deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence, predictors and clinical consequences
Ruiz-Irastorza et al.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:920-923.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Vitamin status in morbidly obese patients: a cross-sectional study
Aasheim et al.
Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:362-369.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT