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Medical Consultation, Resource Use, and Quality of Care of Patients Undergoing Major Surgery

Andrew D. Auerbach, MD, MPH; Mladen A. Rasic, MD; Neil Sehgal, MPH; Brigid Ide, RN, MS; Betsy Stone, MPH, DrPH; Judith Maselli, MSPH

Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(21):2338-2344.

Background  There is growing interest in collaborative management of surgical patients. However, few data describe how medical consultation influences quality of care or resource use. The objective of this study was to determine whether medical consultation improves care in surgical patients.

Methods  Observational cohort of patients undergoing surgery between May 1, 2004, and May 31, 2006, at a university-based hospital. The outcomes included costs, hospital length of stay, use of preventive therapies (such as perioperative β-blockers) and clinical outcomes.

Results  Of 1282 patients, 117 (9.1%) underwent a perioperative medical consultation. Consulted patients were of a similar age, sex, and race, but more frequently had an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 4 or higher (34.2% vs 13.0%; P < .001), diabetes mellitus (29.1% vs 16.1%; P < .001), vascular disease (35.0% vs 10.6%; P < .01), or chronic renal failure (23.9% vs 5.6%; P < .001). After adjusting for severity of illness and likelihood of receiving a consultation, patients were just as likely to have a serum glucose level of less than 200 mg/dL (<11.1 mmol/L), receive perioperative β-blockers, or receive venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Consulted patients had a longer adjusted length of stay (12.98% longer; 95% confidence interval, 1.61%-25.61%) and higher adjusted costs (24.36% higher; 95% confidence interval, 13.54%-36.34%). Patients who had a consultation from a generalist did not receive different quality of care, but had costs and length of stay similar to nonconsulted patients. Our results may be influenced by unaccounted referral bias or severity of illness.

Conclusions  Perioperative internal medicine consultation produces inconsistent effects on efficiency and quality of care in surgical patients. Modifying the consultative model may represent an opportunity to improve care.

Author Affiliations: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (Dr Auerbach, Mr Sehgal, and Ms Maselli); Torrance Memorial Hospital, Torrance, California (Dr Rasic); Department of Performance Improvement, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, (Ms Ide); and Department of Quality Management/Risk Management/Quality Improvement, Sutter Santa Cruz Hospital, Santa Cruz, California (Dr Stone).

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