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A Meta-analysis

Barry L. Carter, PharmD; Meaghan Rogers, PharmD; Jeanette Daly, RN, PhD; Shimin Zheng, PhD; Paul A. James, MD

Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(19):1748-1755.

Background  Team-based care is the strategy that has had the greatest effect on improving blood pressure (BP). The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the potency of interventions for BP involving nurses or pharmacists.

Methods  A MEDLINE search for controlled clinical trials that involved a nurse or pharmacist intervention was conducted. Mean reductions in systolic (S) and diastolic (D) BP were determined by 2 reviewers who independently abstracted data and classified the different intervention components.

Results  Thirty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria. Education about BP medications was significantly associated with a reduction in mean BP (–8.75/–3.60 mm Hg). Other strategies that had large effect sizes on SBP include pharmacist treatment recommendations (–9.30 mm Hg), intervention by nurses (–4.80 mm Hg), and use of a treatment algorithm (–4.00 mm Hg). The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for controlled BP were: nurses, 1.69 (1.48-1.93); pharmacists within primary care clinics, 2.17 (1.75-2.68); and community pharmacists, 2.89 (1.83-4.55). Mean (SD) reductions in SBP were: nursing studies, 5.84 (8.05) mm Hg; pharmacists in clinics, 7.76 (7.81) mm Hg; and community pharmacists, 9.31 (5.00) mm Hg. There were no significant differences between the nursing and pharmacy studies (P  .19).

Conclusions  Team-based care was associated with improved BP control, and individual components of the intervention appeared to predict potency. Implementation of new hypertension guidelines should consider changes in health care organizational structure to include important components of team-based care.

Author Affiliations: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy (Drs Carter and Rogers), and Department of Family Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine (Drs Carter, Daly, Zheng, and James), The University of Iowa, Iowa City.

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