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Resistance Training and Executive FunctionsA 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial
Teresa Liu-Ambrose, PhD, PT;
Lindsay S. Nagamatsu, MA;
Peter Graf, PhD;
B. Lynn Beattie, MD;
Maureen C. Ashe, PhD, PT;
Todd C. Handy, PhD
Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(2):170-178.
Background Cognitive decline among seniors is a pressing health care issue. Specific exercise training may combat cognitive decline. We compared the effect of once-weekly and twice-weekly resistance training with that of twice-weekly balance and tone exercise training on the performance of executive cognitive functions in senior women.
Methods In this single-blinded randomized trial, 155 community-dwelling women aged 65 to 75 years living in Vancouver were randomly allocated to once-weekly (n = 54) or twice-weekly (n = 52) resistance training or twice-weekly balance and tone training (control group) (n = 49). The primary outcome measure was performance on the Stroop test, an executive cognitive test of selective attention and conflict resolution. Secondary outcomes of executive cognitive functions included set shifting as measured by the Trail Making Tests (parts A and B) and working memory as assessed by verbal digit span forward and backward tests. Gait speed, muscular function, and whole-brain volume were also secondary outcome measures.
Results Both resistance training groups significantly improved their performance on the Stroop test compared with those in the balance and tone group (P  .03). Task performance improved by 12.6% and 10.9% in the once-weekly and twice-weekly resistance training groups, respectively; it deteriorated by 0.5% in the balance and tone group. Enhanced selective attention and conflict resolution was significantly associated with increased gait speed. Both resistance training groups demonstrated reductions in whole-brain volume compared with the balance and tone group at the end of the study (P .03).
Conclusion Twelve months of once-weekly or twice-weekly resistance training benefited the executive cognitive function of selective attention and conflict resolution among senior women.
Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00426881
Author Affiliations: Brain Research Centre (Drs Liu-Ambrose, Graf, Beattie, and Handy), Centre for Hip Health and Mobility (Drs Liu-Ambrose and Ashe), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Departments of Physical Therapy (Dr Liu-Ambrose), Psychology (Drs Graf and Handy and Ms Nagamatsu), Family Practice (Dr Ashe), and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Dr Beattie), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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