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Leukocyte counts in excess of 50x10⁹/L are typically referred to as leukemoid reactions and consist of a predominance of mature neutrophils and band cell forms in the peripheral blood.^1-2 These reactions may be confused with acute leukemia, but usually occur in the presence of pyogenic infection, tissue necrosis, burns, vasculitis, and the use of such drugs as glucocorticoids and lithium.^2-3 Although internal hemorrhage is mentioned as a possible cause of neutrophilia in a major hematology text,² cases in the literature documenting true leukemoid reactions resulting from significant internal hemorrhage are sparse. Reported below is the first case (to my knowledge) of an extreme leukemoid reaction associated with a retroperitoneal hemorrhage that occurred in a patient undergoing long-term anticoagulation for a prosthetic heart valve.

Report of a Case

A 78-year-old man with a prosthetic aortic valve for previous aortic stenosis was evaluated for the acute onset of pain in his right thigh . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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