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Experiments on Distant Intercessory Prayer
God, Science, and the Lesson of Massah
Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:2529-2536.
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For if you should enter into the temple for no other purpose
than asking, you shall not receive. And if you should enter it to humble yourself,
you shall not be lifted . . . it is enough that you enter the temple invisible.
. . . God listens not to your words save when He Himself utters them through
your lips.—Kahlil Gibran, The Prophet
EXPERIMENTAL studies on the health effects of distant intercession (prayer)
ignore important facets of construct validity, philosophy of science, and
theology while focusing on issues like randomization and double-blinding.
These tendencies reflect a desire on the part of researchers to remove nature
as a causal factor when intercession seems efficacious. We argue that close
attention to construct validity of cause-and-effect variables invalidates
distant intercessory prayer as a scientific construct. Further, the application
of statistical techniques to metaphysical causal phenomena is critiqued. We
conclude that . . . [Full Text of this Article] INTRODUCTION
ISSUES OF CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
A CONSTRUCT RESISTANT TO EXPLICATION
A CONSTRUCT OUTSIDE THE BOUNDS OF SCIENCE
STATISTICAL AND MEASUREMENT ISSUES
If God Is Infinite, So Are  and  Measurement and the "Crud Factor"
ALTERNATIVES TO TESTING PRAYER
CONCLUSIONS
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