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Consensus Statement of the Hypertension in African Americans Working Group of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks

Janice G. Douglas, MD; George L. Bakris, MD; Murray Epstein, MD; Keith C. Ferdinand, MD; Carlos Ferrario, MD; John M. Flack, MD, MPH; Kenneth A. Jamerson, MD; Wendell E. Jones, MD; Julian Haywood, MD; Randall Maxey, MD; Elizabeth O. Ofili, MD; Elijah Saunders, MD; Ernesto L. Schiffrin, MD, PhD; Domenic A. Sica, MD; James R. Sowers, MD; Donald G. Vidt, MD; the Hypertension in African Americans Working Group

Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:525-541.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text and any section headings.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this consensus statement is to offer primary care providers (including physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants) a practical, evidence-based clinical tool for achieving blood pressure goals in African American patients. The need for specific recommendations for African Americans is highlighted by compelling evidence of a higher prevalence of hypertension and poorer cardiovascular and renal outcomes in this group than in white Americans. African Americans have disturbingly higher rates of cardiovascular mortality, stroke, hypertension-related heart disease, congestive heart failure, type . . . [Full Text of this Article]

GENERAL APPROACH

RISK ASSESSMENT

SETTING BLOOD PRESSURE GOALS

THERAPEUTIC LIFESTYLE CHANGES

Dietary Goals

Physical Activity Goals

Other "Heart Healthy" Interventions

PHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS

Blood Pressure–Lowering Efficacy

Target-Organ Protection

SUMMARY

From Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio (Dr Douglas); Rush Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (Dr Bakris); University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Fla (Dr Epstein); Heartbeats Life Center, New Orleans, La (Dr Ferdinand); The Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center of Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Dr Ferrario); Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Mich (Dr Flack); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor (Dr Jamerson); South Texas Veterans Health System, San Antonio (Dr Jones); University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles (Dr Haywood); National Medical Association Board of Trustees, Los Angeles, Calif (Dr Maxey); Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga (Dr Ofili); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Dr Saunders); Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec (Dr Schiffrin); Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (Dr Sica); State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn (Dr Sowers); and the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (Dr Vidt). The authors have no relevant financial interest in this article.

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