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What About Other Causes of Death?—Reply
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In reply
We thank Pletcher for his comments and agree that additional information on the association between optimism and all-cause and noncardiovascular mortality is informative. Because depressive symptoms are related to a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality1 and optimism has been found to be related especially to a lower risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality,2-3 we had a priori reasons to analyze cardiovascular death in relation to optimism in our study.
Pletcher suggests that some optimistic participants may have underreported cardiac complaints and might consequently have died (suddenly) of undiagnosed cardiac disease, which would have resulted in opposite directions of the associations with cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality. However, results presented in the Table from our recently published analysis4 in comparison with the Table presented herein show that the associations between the 2 cause-specific mortality rates are not in opposite directions. Indeed, all-cause mortality shows a trend in the same direction . . . [Full Text of this Article]
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Erik J. Giltay, PhD, MD;
Frans G. Zitman, PhD, MD;
Daan Kromhout, PhD, MPH
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EXTRACT
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Dispositional Optimism and the Risk of Cardiovascular Death: The Zutphen Elderly Study
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ABSTRACT
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