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Rashmi Sinha, PhD; Barry I. Graubard, PhD; Amanda J. Cross, PhD; Michael F. Leitzmann, MD, DrPH; Arthur Schatzkin, MD

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In reply

We thank Mozaffarian for his thoughtful comments about our article.¹ We agree with Mozaffarian that residual confounding may be an issue, and we acknowledge this in the article as follows: "The problem of residual confounding may still exist and could explain the relatively small associations found throughout this study despite the care taken to adjust for known confounders."^1(p569) To decrease the possibility of residual confounding, Mozaffarian suggests that we could use the "all other deaths" category as a negative control; this assumes that meat consumption is not associated with mortality in this category of deaths, which may not be a valid assumption. As pointed out in our article, the "all other deaths" category is heterogeneous, including such causes as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer disease, stomach and duodenal ulcers, chronic liver . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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