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Sex Bias and Underutilization of Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease at Academic Medical Centers in the United States and Canada
Michael Miller, MD;
Robert Byington, PhD;
Donald Hunninghake, MD;
Bertram Pitt, MD;
Curt D. Furberg, MD, PhD;
for the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) Investigators
Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:343-347.
ABSTRACT
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Background The efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) has been well established for patients with preexisting coronary artery disease (CAD). However, limited information is available assessing the extent to which these medications are prescribed in academic medical centers.
Methods The use of LLT for patients with CAD was prospectively evaluated in 825 men and women who were recruited from 16 academic medical centers in the United States and Canada to participate in the Prospective Evaluation of the Vascular Events of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT). The assessment of LLT use during the 3-year trial was evaluated in patients receiving amlodipine therapy and placebo; levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were used to assess the impact of LLT.
Results Despite a baseline prevalence of LLT in 42% of men (38% in 1994), half of the patients had high levels of LDL-C (>3.36 mmol [>130 mg/dL]). During the subsequent 3 years, the prevalence of elevated LDL-C levels dropped in men (29%) but remained stagnant in women (48%). These changes were associated with increased LLT in men (55%) but not in women (35%) (P = .04). In 1994, the LDL-C target goal (<2.59 mmol/L [<100 mg/dL]) was attained in 17% of men and 6% of women (P = .006). At study completion in 1997, the LDL-C target goal was achieved in 31% of men and only 12% of women (P = .001).
Conclusions This study highlights the relatively low treatment rates of hyperlipidemia among patients with CAD overall and women in particular who were participating in a clinical trial at academic medical centers in the United States and Canada. Because LLT has been proven to reduce future cardiovascular events, these results suggest that more intensive efforts should be promoted in order to maximize CAD reduction.
INTRODUCTION
DURING the past 5 years, randomized clinical trials have provided unequivocal evidence that cholesterol-lowering therapies reduce initial and recurrent cardiovascular events.1-5 These studies are consistent with the National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP's) recommendations for dietary and pharmacological therapy in subjects at highest risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). While previous reports evaluating the use of hypolipidemic therapy have generally reported low treatment rates by cardiologists6 and primary care physicians,7-8 there have been limited prospective data evaluating the use of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in men and women with CAD. We hypothesized that treatment rates for elevated cholesterol would be considerably higher in academic medical centers, which are heavily employed in clinical research protocols for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we collected data from the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Events of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) to further examine this issue.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The PREVENT study was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 825 patients (80% men; 89% white) with predefined arteriographic evidence of CAD. Sixteen centers in the United States and Canada participated in the study; these centers are listed in the acknowledgments section. The design and baseline characteristics of PREVENT have been previously reported.9 Briefly, the primary objective of PREVENT was to determine whether amlodipine therapy reduced the progression of coronary atherosclerosis over a 3-year period. Eligibility criteria included age 30 to 80 years, diastolic blood pressure less than 95 mm Hg, fasting total cholesterol level less than 8.40 mmol/L (<325 mg/dL), fasting blood glucose level less than 11.1 mmol/L (<200 mg/dL), and no anticipated revascularization during the subsequent 3 years. Eligible patients were randomized between November 1992 and September 1994. Prior to randomization, baseline measurements included complete blood cell count, serum electrolyte levels, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, and fasting lipid and lipoprotein analysis. Following randomization, fasting lipid profiles were repeated yearly and at the final examination (month 35), approximately 2 weeks prior to the repeated coronary arteriogram. All laboratory measurements were performed by SmithKline Beecham Laboratory, Van Nuys, Calif. Statistical analysis included t tests and maximum likelihood analyses of covariates. It is recognized that many P values are presented in this descriptive article, increasing the likelihood of type I errors. Accordingly, as a crude means of judging significance, the designated level for statistical significance is set at P<.01, although the possibility for type I error is not eliminated.
From the outset of the study, patients were instructed to maintain a phase I American Heart Association (AHA) diet. If their plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level exceeded 3.36 mmol/L (130 mg/dL), they were instructed to follow a phase II AHA diet. When the results of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) were published in November 1994,1 a letter was distributed to all investigators recommending institution of LLT to a target LDL-C goal below 2.59 mmol/L (100 mg/dL), as outlined by the expert panel of the NCEP.10 The study was completed in September 1997. This report highlights the use of LLT throughout the trial.
RESULTS
The mean lipid and lipoprotein levels in PREVENT participants by calendar year are shown in Table 1. Overall improvement in lipid levels was observed from 1994 to 1997, with significant reductions in total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, and triglyceride (TG) levels (P<.001 for testing the time trend). The fewer numbers of patients in 1997 (n = 443) reflect the remaining subjects in the study. There were no changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels during the course of the study.
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Table 1. Mean ± SD Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels by Calendar Year in the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT)*
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Figure 1 illustrates the LDL-C distribution in all subjects participating in PREVENT. During the course of the study, the percentage of subjects with elevated LDL-C levels (>3.36 mmol/L [>130 mg/dL]) decreased from 50% to 33%, while the prevalence of desirable a LDL-C level (<2.59 mmol/L [<100 mg/dL]) increased from 15% to 27%. The prevalence of an elevated LDL-C level was similar between men and women at the outset of the study (50% vs 51%; Table 2). During the course of follow-up, however, substantially fewer men (29%) continued to manifest an elevated LDL-C level, whereas the rate of elevated LDL-C levels for women (48%) remained stagnant (P = .001). Significant sex differences became most apparent during the final year of the study when prevalence rates within the desirable and elevated LDL-C distributions were compared (P = .001) (Table 2). Although the prevalence of a desirable LDL-C level (<2.59 mmol/L [<100 mg/dL]) was low in both men and women in 1994, it remained particularly low in women during the course of the study. It is noteworthy that the prevalence of a desirable LDL-C level among women in 1997 (12%) was lower than the 1994 baseline rate in men (17%).
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Figure 1. The percentages of subjects in the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) who received a lipid-lowering agent. LDL-C indicates low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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Table 2. Men and Women in the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) Who Achieved the Designated Level of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)
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The prevalence of elevated LDL-C was also high (66%) in the small number of African American participants at baseline (n = 44) and remained elevated during the course of the study (range, 52%-62%). Moreover, desirable levels were only achieved in a small subset (15% in 1996 and 0% among the final 8 subjects completing the study in 1997).
Figure 2 illustrates the proportion of PREVENT participants receiving LLT (or a lipid-lowering agent [LLA]) throughout the study. During the final quarter of 1993, 30% of patients received LLT. Following publication of the 4S the following year, the proportion of patients steadily increased to 39%; by study completion (September 1997), 56% were receiving LLT.
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Figure 2. The percentages of subjects in the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) who received a lipid-lowering agent for calendar quarters during which there were more than 400 participants. 4S indicates the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study.1
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The mean LDL-C level in men and women receiving or not receiving LLT during the course of PREVENT is shown in Table 3. In 1994, lower mean LDL-C levels were observed for men compared with women receiving LLT (P = .01); this finding was observed for every year except 1996. As expected, the decline in LDL-C levels was negligible in men who were not receiving LLT. However, the increases in LDL-C levels observed in women who were not receiving LLT coincided with significant differences between the 2 groups during the last 2 years of the study.
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Table 3. Adjusted Mean ± SE Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) Levels for Men and Women With or Without Lipid-Lowering Therapy (LLT) by Calendar Year in the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT)*
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Table 4 contrasts the percentage of men and women receiving LLT during PREVENT. Compared with women, there was a consistently higher percentage of men with high (>3.36 mmol/L [>130 mg/dL]) or borderline (2.59-3.36 mmol/L [100-130 mg/dL]) LDL-C levels who received LLT. In men and women with a desirable LDL-C level (<2.59 mmol/L [<100 mg/dL]), the percentage of patients receiving LLT increased yearly, with higher rates achieved in men and women (75% and 70%, respectively) who had higher baseline LDL-C levels. It is likely that the lack of statistical significance in women reflects the small number (n = 10) receiving LLT in combination with a desirable LDL-C level.
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Table 4. Men and Women Receiving Lipid-Lowering Therapy (LLT) by Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) Levels and Calendar Year in the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT)
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The mean LDL-C level in women receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with or without concomitant LLT is outlined in Table 5. Despite the exclusion of premenopausal women (unless they underwent oophorectomy), a small percentage (24%-29%) of women received HRT (primarily estrogen alone) during the course of the study. There were correspondingly fewer women (10%-15%) receiving combination HRT and LLT in PREVENT. Women receiving HRT evidenced mean reductions in LDL-C levels of 0.26 mmol/L (10 mg/dL) compared with those receiving no HRT (maximum likelihood on repeated-measures analysis of variance, P = .001). Reductions in LDL-C levels among the women receiving LLT became evident during the final 2 years of the study. Similarly, combined LLA use and HRT resulted in the most favorable LDL-C levels during the last 2 years.
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Table 5. Mean ± SE Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) Levels in Women Receiving Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) With or Without Lipid-Lowering Therapy (LLT) in the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) by Calendar Year*
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The LLTs employed included hepatic hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors, which accounted for 63% of LLTs in 1994, increasing to 79% by 1997. There were corresponding decreases in the other LLTs used during the study, including fibrates (from 17% to 10%), niacin (from 14% to 6%), and bile acid sequestrants (from 6% to 4%). Specific agents and dosages recorded were atorvastatin (10 mg/d), cholestyramine (4-12 g/d), fluvastatin (20-40 mg/d), gemfibrozil (600-1200 mg/d), fenofibrate (200-300 mg/d), lovastatin (20-40 mg/d), niacin (750-2000 mg/d), pravastatin (20-40 mg/d), and simvastatin (5-40 mg/d).
COMMENT
The most important finding of this study was the relative paucity of LLT used in patients with CAD who participated in a randomized clinical trial at US and Canadian academic medical centers. In addition to the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, all patients entering the study evidenced arteriographically demonstrated CAD, and there were similar baseline characteristics between men and women. Moreover, all principal investigators received instructions that LLTs should be employed following the publication of the 4S.1 Limitations of the study included the small percentage (20%) of women in the cohort, the nature of the analyses (post hoc), and the fact that the protocol was evaluated in 2 countries (the United States and Canada). While the use of LLT was 20% higher in Canada, only 15% of the study group was Canadian, and no a priori hypothesis had been formulated to test whether differences in LLT use existed between the countries.
These findings were particularly egregious because letters had been distributed to physicians recommending initiation of LLT following the publication of the 4S.1 However, nearly one third of patients remained hyperlipidemic through 1997, and only a minority of subjects achieved an LDL-C target of 2.59 mmol/L (100 mg/dL), as recommended by the NCEP.
Equally surprising was the relatively more frequent use of LLT among patients with CAD and desirable LDL-C levels compared with those patients with borderline or elevated LDL-C levels. It is likely that a small proportion of the 70% of patients achieved a desirable LDL-C level following therapy. Nevertheless, considerably fewer patients with high LDL-C levels (>3.36 mmol/L [>130 mg/dL]) were receiving LLT, suggesting an overall misappropriated use of these agents in PREVENT.
The overall reduced rates of therapy were particularly noteworthy in women. Although women represented only 20% of the study cohort, the extent of arteriographic disease and the prevalence of elevated LDL-C levels (Table 3) were similar to those for men at baseline.9 However, during the course of the study, the proportion of patients with LDL-C levels greater than 3.36 mmol/L (>130 mg/dL) was reduced by 42% in men compared with only a 6% reduction in women. Both men and women evidenced similar proportional increases toward attaining the target LDL-C level (2.59 mmol/L [<100 mg/dL]). Nonetheless, treatment in accordance with NCEP-defined LDL-C goals for women with CAD in 1997 (12%) still lagged considerably behind that for men, approximating the proportion of men with CAD who were treated in accordance with NCEP-defined LDL-C level goals in 1994 (17%). Undertreatment to target LDL-C levels was previously observed in women with CAD participating in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) at baseline.11 This effect persisted because LLT was subsequently initiated in approximately 20% of women, yielding modest reductions in LDL-C levels (14% in HRT group vs 3% in controls) after the first year of treatment.12 The relatively infrequent use of LLT in women with CAD in the HERS predated the results of the major lipid-lowering secondary prevention trials that have been subsequently published.1, 3, 5 PREVENT extends the finding of undertreatment to target NCEP LDL-C goals in women with preexisting CAD. Furthermore, these results provide evidence of considerable sex bias at academic medical centers in the United States and Canada.
Sex bias has previously been reported for cardiovascular diagnostic procedures and therapies.13-14 The delay in identifying women who are at increased risk of CAD events may be an important determinant of the heightened morbidity and mortality rates that are observed compared with men.15 When intervention takes place in an expeditious manner, however, the outcome in women is at least comparable with that observed for men.16-17 In PREVENT, specific preselected arteriographic criteria were required for all subjects who were enrolled. Moreover, baseline characteristics were remarkably similar between men and women. However, despite these similarities, treatment rates were significantly reduced in women. Heightened awareness of this marked discrepancy should facilitate the identification of women who may benefit from closer monitoring of cardiac risk factors. In view of the accumulating data supporting LLT in both men and women with CAD,18 more intensive efforts should be initiated at academic medical centers to ensure that all patients with dyslipidemia and CAD are appropriately treated.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication August 19, 1999.
This study was supported by Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Inc, New York, NY.
The PREVENT Investigators include David C. Booth, MD, University of Kentucky, Lexington; Anthony T. Chapekis, MD, Ohio State University, Columbus; Vivian Clark, MD, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich; Gilles Cote, MD, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec; Robert Feldman, MD, Ocala Heart Institute, Ocala, Fla; David M. Herrington, MD, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Lyall A. J. Higginson, MD, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario; Craig Hjemdahl-Monsen, MD, New York Medical College, Valhalla; Donald B. Hunninghake, MD, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Glen J. Kowalchuk, MD, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Stephen M. Mallon, MD, University of Miami, Miami, Fla; Michael Miller, MD, University of Maryland, Baltimore; K. B. Ramanathan, MD, University of Tennessee, Memphis; Donald Ricci, MD, University of Vancouver, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Waters, MD, University of Connecticut, Hartford; Steven W. Werns, MD, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Corresponding author: Michael Miller, MD, Division of Cardiology, S3B06, University of Maryland Hospital, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201 (e-mail: mmiller{at}heart.umaryland.edu).
From the Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore (Dr Miller); the Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Drs Byington and Furberg); the Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (Dr Hunninghake); and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (Dr Pitt).
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