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Adherence to Heart Failure Quality-of-Care Indicators in US Hospitals
Analysis of the ADHERE Registry
Gregg C. Fonarow, MD;
Clyde W. Yancy, MD;
J. Thomas Heywood, MD; for the ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee, Study Group, and Investigators
Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1469-1477.
ABSTRACT
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Background Quality-of-care indicators have been developed for patients hospitalized with heart failure. However, little is known about current rates of conformity with these indicators or their variability across hospitals.
Methods Data from 81 142 admissions occurring between July 1, 2002, and December 31, 2003, at 223 academic and nonacademic hospitals in the United States participating in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) were analyzed. Rates of conformity with the 4 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations core performance measures—discharge instructions (HF-1), assessment of left ventricular function (HF-2), use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (HF-3), and smoking cessation counseling (HF-4)—as well as length of stay and in-hospital mortality rates were computed.
Results Across all hospitals, the median rates of conformity with HF-1, HF-2, HF-3, and HF-4 were 24.0%, 86.2%, 72.0%, and 43.2%, respectively. Rates of conformity at individual hospitals varied from 0% to 100%, with statistically significant differences between academic and nonacademic hospitals. Statistically significant positive independent predictors of overall conformity included the prevalence of comorbidities and the use of more intense pharmacologic management. Median hospital length of stay varied from 2.3 to 9.5 days, and in-hospital mortality varied from 0% to 11.1%.
Conclusions Among hospitals providing care for patients with heart failure, there is significant individual variability in conformity to quality-of-care indicators and clinical outcomes and a substantial gap in overall performance. Establishing educational initiatives and quality improvement systems to reduce this variability and eliminate this gap would be expected to substantially improve the care of these patients.
INTRODUCTION
Despite major advances in the management of heart failure (HF), this disorder remains a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality. Heart failure is responsible for almost 1 million hospital discharges annually.1-2 Although recent therapeutic developments have improved the lives of patients with HF, these patients remain at substantial risk for recurrent acute exacerbations. In fact, up to 50% of discharged patients are rehospitalized within 6 months.3 Furthermore, death rates are high; an estimated 11.6% of patients with HF die within 30 days, and 33.1% die within 1 year of their first HF hospitalization.4 These statistics emphasize the need to improve HF care.
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines have been developed for the treatment of patients with HF,5-7 and components of these guidelines have been adapted to create core performance measures for patients hospitalized with HF.8-10 However, little is known regarding current adherence to these standard-of-care measures or the degree of variation in adherence among hospitals caring for patients with HF. The objective of the present evaluation is to assess (1) overall adherence to the 4 HF core performance measures identified by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO),10 (2) variations in adherence among hospitals, (3) in-hospital outcomes, and (4) variations in these outcomes in US hospitals participating in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE).
METHODS
STUDY DESIGN
The ADHERE is a large-scale multicenter registry that collects data on the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF (ADHF). Academic and nonacademic hospitals from all regions of the United States participate in this registry, and their demographics are representative of the nation’s hospitals as a whole.2, 11-12 For the purposes of the ADHERE, an academic center is defined as any center that is affiliated with an accredited medical school. The large size of this registry allows for robust subanalyses of ADHF data; institutional data can be compared with aggregate national data and with data gathered by other institutions and in different geographic regions.11-12 In addition, the JCAHO has certified the ADHERE as a source of core measure compliance documentation.
The methods of the ADHERE have been described in detail elsewhere.11-12 In summary, medical record review was performed to collect information on patient characteristics, interventions, and outcomes and included data from initial presentation through hospital discharge. These data were entered into the registry using an electronic case report form and a Web-based electronic data capture system.11-12 Hospital participation was not contingent on the use or formulary inclusion of any particular therapeutic agent or regimen. Participating hospitals supplied data on consecutive eligible admissions if they numbered 75 or fewer in 1 month. If the number of eligible admissions exceeded 75 in 1 month, participating hospitals had the option of providing data on all eligible admissions or on a random sample of eligible admissions chosen according to established JCAHO methods.10
This analysis is based on all data entered into the ADHERE between July 1, 2002, and December 31, 2003. During this period, data from 256 hospitals and 81 545 hospitalization episodes were entered into the registry. Data from hospitalizations at centers enrolling fewer than 30 eligible admissions during the study were excluded.
OUTCOME MEASURES
The principal outcome measure was overall hospital adherence to each of the 4 HF core performance measures as defined by the JCAHO. These previously validated performance measures are defined as follows: supplying the patient or caregiver with written instructions and guidance on specific aspects of postdischarge care (HF-1), adequate assessment of left ventricular (LV) function (HF-2), prescription of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor on discharge in appropriate patients with documented LV systolic dysfunction (HF-3), and counseling of appropriate patients regarding smoking cessation (HF-4) (Table 1).10 Additional outcome measures included median inpatient length of stay and in-hospital mortality rates calculated on a hospital basis.
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Table 1. JCAHO Core Performance Measures for Heart Failure*
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Baseline characteristics, conformity with the 4 JCAHO HF core performance measures, inpatient length of stay, and in-hospital mortality rates were summarized descriptively for the entire population, for admissions to academic hospitals, and for admissions to nonacademic hospitals. In addition, the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles were calculated for each core performance indicator and outcome measure across all hospitals. The percentile ranking on each of the 4 core indicators was used to construct a composite performance score for each hospital. Medical records with missing data were excluded from analyses relevant to those data. For most variables, less than 0.1% of the data was missing, with the only exceptions being smoking status on hospital admission (13% missing data) and smoking cessation counseling (9% missing data).
Differences between academic and nonacademic hospitals in baseline characteristics, adherence rates, inpatient length of stay, and in-hospital mortality rates were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance or the nonparametric Wilcoxon test for continuous variables, as appropriate, and the  2 test for categorical variables. In addition, length of stay and mortality rate comparisons adjusted for age and sex were performed. Differences in hospital and patient characteristics for hospitals in the lowest and highest quartiles based on composite performance score were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients, and changes in conformity with core performance measures across time were assessed using a Cochran-Armitage trend test. Two-sided tests were used, and P<.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
BASELINE AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
In total, 99.5% (81 142/81 545) of the hospital admissions in the ADHERE, representing data from 87.1% (223/256) of the participating hospitals, fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this analysis. Mean patient age at hospital admission was 72.6 years, and 48% of the admissions were for male patients (Table 2). Left ventricular function was assessed before or during 81% of the admissions, and systolic function was reduced in 51% of these cases. Admissions to academic hospitals accounted for 28% of the participating population. Several small but statistically significant differences were observed between admissions to academic vs nonacademic hospitals, including mean age at admission, sex distribution, medical history, baseline medication use, initial clinical symptoms, and prevalence of LV systolic dysfunction (Table 2).
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Table 2. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Patient Population
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CORE PERFORMANCE MEASURES
In aggregate, appropriate discharge instructions (HF-1) were provided in 20 249 (35%) of 57 062 eligible admissions, LV function assessment (HF-2) was documented in 58 257 (84%) of 69 069 eligible admissions, an ACE inhibitor was prescribed at discharge in patients with LV systolic dysfunction and no documented contraindication (HF-3) in 17 571 (72.5%) of 24 223 eligible admissions, and smoking cessation counseling (HF-4) was provided in 5062 (48.9%) of 10 356 eligible admissions. Across all hospitals, the median rate of conformity with HF-1 was 24.0% (range, 0%-99%), with HF-2 was 86.2% (range, 14%-100%), with HF-3 was 72.0% (range, 0%-96%), and with HF-4 was 43.2% (range, 0%-100%). Figure 1 depicts the frequency distribution of conformity rates by hospital. For each measure, there were substantial clinically relevant differences in performance between hospitals at different percentile levels (Table 3). These differences are particularly notable for the measures with the lowest overall conformity. For HF-1, there was a 100-fold difference in conformity between hospitals at the 10th and 90th percentiles. Similarly, for HF-4, there was an 11.2-fold difference in conformity at these percentiles. In contrast, there was a 1.3- and a 1.5-fold difference in conformity between hospitals at the 10th and 90th percentiles for HF-2 and HF-3, respectively.
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Figure 1. Frequency distribution of conformity rates by hospital for Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations core performance measures HF-1 (discharge instructions or guidance) (A), HF-2 (left ventricular function documentation obtained or scheduled) (B), HF-3 (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor prescribed at discharge for left ventricular systolic dysfunction) (C), and HF-4 (smoking cessation counseling, if indicated) (D). Each bar represents an individual hospital; vertical lines above bars, the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles.
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Table 3. Percentile Distribution of Outcome Variables Across 223 Hospitals
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There were significant correlations between conformity with most of the core performance measures at individual hospitals. These correlations were all positive, that is, higher conformity with 1 core performance measure was associated with higher conformity with the other measures. The correlation was greatest for the 2 measures with the lowest overall conformity, HF-1 and HF-4 (r = 0.52; P<.001). In addition, significant correlations existed between conformity with HF-1 and HF-2 (r = 0.25; P<.001), HF-1 and HF-3 (r = 0.16; P = .02), and HF-2 and HF-3 (r = 0.43; P<.001). No significant correlations were detected between the remaining HF measures.
Academic and nonacademic hospitals differed in their conformity with the 4 performance measures. Nonacademic hospitals demonstrated significantly better median conformity with HF-1 than academic hospitals (32.5% vs 12.1%; P<.001), whereas academic hospitals demonstrated slightly better median conformity than nonacademic hospitals with HF-2 (87.8% vs 85.0%; P = .03) and HF-3 (75.0% vs 70.6%; P = .007). No significant differences were observed in HF-4 (Table 4).
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Table 4. Comparison of Variables at Academic vs Nonacademic Hospitals on a per-Hospital Basis
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To assess trends in JCAHO compliance across time, the data were divided by quarters based on hospital discharge date. The number of hospitalizations per quarter exceeded 13 000 except for quarter 4 of 2003 (Table 5). Conformity with HF-1 and HF-4 improved substantially during the study, whereas improvements in HF-2 were less pronounced (P<.001 for all) (Table 5). No statistically significant change in conformity with HF-3 was detected. The results held when the analysis was repeated without the last quarter.
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Table 5. Rate of Conformity With Core Performance Measures by Calendar Year Quarter
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IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOMES
The median inpatient length of stay was 4.0 days (range, 2.3-9.5 days), with an approximately 2-day difference between hospitals at the 10th (3.1 days) and 90th (5.0 days) percentiles (Table 3 and Figure 2). There were no significant differences in inpatient length of stay between academic and nonacademic hospitals (Table 4).
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Figure 2. Frequency distribution of median inpatient length of stay (A) and in-hospital mortality (B) by hospital. Each bar represents an individual hospital; vertical lines above bars, the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles.
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Median in-hospital mortality was 3.5% (range, 0%-11.1%), with substantial variation between hospitals (Table 3 and Figure 2). There was a 2-fold difference in mortality between the 25th and 75th percentiles (2.4% vs 4.8%) and a 4.4-fold difference in mortality between the 10th and 90th percentiles (1.4% vs 6.1%). After adjustment for age and sex, no statistically significant differences in in-hospital mortality rates were observed between academic and nonacademic hospitals (Table 4). Finally, there was a small but significant correlation between median length of stay and in-hospital mortality rate (r = 0.25; P<.001).
EFFECT OF HOSPITAL AND PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS ON PERFORMANCE
Compared with hospitals in the highest quartile of composite core performance, hospitals in the lowest quartile did not differ in teaching status or geographic region; patients in these hospitals were similar regarding age, sex, insurance status, LV ejection fraction, systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen level, and creatinine level. Among 28 variables identified by univariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression analysis identified multiple 4– or 5–independent variable models with good power to discriminate between hospitals in the lowest and highest quartiles. These models, all of which used a subset of 8 variables—prevalence of comorbid cardiac valvular disease, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, and chronic renal insufficiency; in-hospital use of aspirin, oral diuretics, and intravenous diuretics; and lack of in-hospital use of angiotensin receptor blockers—had areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves that ranged from 0.89 to 0.92 compared with 0.95 for the full independent variable model. An inverse relationship between angiotensin receptor blockers and ACE inhibitor use seemed to account for the negative correlation observed between angiotensin receptor blocker use and core performance. Thus, greater prevalence of patient comorbidities and more intensive pharmacotherapy were significant independent predictors of high compliance with the core performance indicators.
COMMENT
The ADHERE offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the current state of ADHF treatment. Unlike clinical trials, this registry reflects "real-world" management from a variety of academic and nonacademic hospitals from all regions of the United States and contains far more detailed information on patient characteristics, presenting symptoms, treatments, and in-hospital outcomes than is available in previous administrative data sets or registries.13-14
GUIDELINE COMPLIANCE
Despite the publication of evidence-based guidelines and the implementation by the JCAHO of hospital core performance measurements, this analysis demonstrates that considerable gaps currently exist in the treatment of patients with ADHF. Treatment frequently does not follow published guidelines or conform to core performance measures, potentially contributing to the high morbidity, mortality, and economic cost of this disorder. The highest conformity with a quality-of-care measure was in measurements of LV function. However, there is only moderate focus on following up these assessments with prescriptions for ACE inhibitors in appropriate patients with documented LV systolic dysfunction and only minimal focus on providing appropriate instructions for postdischarge care or smoking cessation counseling.
Although overall compliance with core performance measures was suboptimal, there was significant variation in care, with some hospitals performing at very high levels. In general, hospitals that treated patients with more comorbidity and that used more intensive pharmacotherapy had better overall compliance. This finding suggests that the wide variations in conformity may reflect differences in training, guideline familiarity, and implementation of tools and systems to ensure that recommended care is provided and documented. Developing effective strategies to optimize quality of care is critically important.
The gap in patient counseling and discharge instructions was significantly greater at academic than at nonacademic centers. Although academic centers are often expected to know and provide the most modern and advanced treatments, they do not always provide the highest quality of care, at least as judged by performance measure. In fact, several studies have found low guideline compliance at such centers. For example, studies15-16 of compliance with established National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines at large academic centers have reported the failure to prescribe statin therapy to appropriate patients with coronary artery disease. In addition, data demonstrate that this low statin use extends even to high-risk patients with coronary artery disease who receive percutaneous intervention.17
PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS OF HOSPITAL PERFORMANCE
Before the institution of the JCAHO core performance measures, evaluations of hospital performance in patients with HF were limited principally to 2 variables, assessment of LV function and ACE inhibitor prescription at discharge in patients with LV systolic dysfunction. An analysis18 of Medicare data from 1998 and 1999 found that the median rate of conformity across states for these 2 variables was 66% and 72%, respectively. During the next 2 years, conformity with LV function assessment increased by 4%, whereas conformity with ACE inhibitor prescription decreased by 4%.18 The results of the present study are consistent with these findings.
The present evaluation is also consistent with previous evaluations of the variability between hospitals in quality of care19-20 and outcomes21-22 of patients hospitalized with HF. For example, in an evaluation of 30 228 hospitalized Medicare patients in 1998 and 1999, smoothed unadjusted rates of LV ejection fraction determination ranged from 30% to 67%, and ACE inhibitor prescription in eligible patients ranged from 56% to 87% across hospital referral regions20; in a retrospective observational study21 of 15 acute care community hospitals in upstate New York, there was significant variability in mean acute length of stay (7.1-10.3 days), mean total length of stay (7.6-12.7 days), and mortality (4.3%-12.0%) despite only minimal variability in mean expected length of stay (5.2-6.1 days) and mean severity score (2.8-3.3).
The continued persistence of suboptimal compliance with these measures and the significant variability between hospitals in this compliance and in outcome variables provides a compelling rationale for the implementation of new systems to improve hospital performance.
SYSTEMS FOR PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
Careful consideration of what has already been learned about bridging treatment gaps should help in designing these new systems. In an evaluation of  -blocker use after acute myocardial infarction, 4 components—high degree of shared goals, substantial level of administrative support, strong physician leadership, and high-quality data feedback—were associated with greater improvement in hospital performance.23 In addition, initiation of evidence-based therapies during hospitalization creates the desired impression that the therapy is essential to the patient’s treatment and survival, enhancing long-term compliance.24-25 Furthermore, several programs, using 1 or more of these components, have successfully reduced treatment gaps. The University of California, Los Angeles, Cardiac Hospitalization Atherosclerosis Management Program26-27 provided proof of concept that hospital-based systems using standardized order sets, focused algorithms, discharge checklists, and data feedback were highly effective in improving treatment rates, goal achievement, and clinical outcomes. The Get With the Guidelines initiative is a hospital-based quality improvement program from the American Heart Association. Recent data demonstrate that this initiative is an effective means of improving hospital care. In a large, multicenter evaluation,28 significant improvements relative to baseline were seen in all 10 quality-of-care measures for coronary artery disease by the third quarter of Get With the Guidelines implementation. These improvements occurred equally at academic and nonacademic institutions.29 The American College of Cardiology Guidelines Applied in Practice program,30 another hospital-based initiative that uses partnership, hospital tool kits, and key indicator tracking, showed similar improvements.
The benefits of hospital-based performance improvement systems for HF have also been demonstrated. Implementation of an HF discharge medication program at a 10-hospital integrated health care system increased the use of ACE inhibitors at discharge in appropriate patients from 65% to 95%, decreased readmission rates from 46.5% to 38.4%, and reduced 1-year mortality from 22.7% to 17.8%.31 The Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure24, 32 is an ongoing HF quality improvement program that involves approximately 300 US hospitals. This program combines a Web-based registry that can provide real-time reports and benchmark comparisons with process-of-care improvement components, including a hospital tool kit and structured educational and collaborative opportunities. Preliminary results demonstrate that significant improvements in quality of care and reduced variability in care are being achieved with this initiative. An HF disease management program for ADHERE hospitals has also recently been launched.11
Thus, implementation of a hospital-based system for ADHF should enhance adherence to established guidelines and core performance measures, reducing the treatment variability from one hospital to the next. As a result, overall quality of care should improve substantially, reducing the morbidity, mortality, and economic cost associated with this disorder.
In conclusion, this analysis of the ADHERE demonstrates that substantial gaps and variations currently exist in the quality of care provided to patients hospitalized with ADHF. This care frequently deviates from that of evidence-based guidelines and core performance measures. There are also significant variations in clinical outcomes. Consequently, significant opportunities exist to improve the care of these patients. Development of an educational and quality improvement program for ADHF has the potential to considerably reduce the current variability in care, enhance guideline adherence, and improve outcomes for patients.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Gregg C. Fonarow, MD, Division of Cardiology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (gfonarow{at}mednet.ucla.edu).
Accepted for Publication: February 18, 2005.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Scios Inc, Fremont, Calif.
| ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Study Group
ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee
William T. Abraham, MD, Division of Cardiology, The Ohio State University Heart Center, Columbus; Kirkwood F. Adams, Jr, MD, Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Robert L. Berkowitz, MD, Heart Failure Program, Hackensack University Hospital, Hackensack, NJ; Maria Rosa Costanzo, MD, Midwest Heart Specialists, Edward Hospital, Naperville, Ill; Teresa DeMarco, MD, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco; Charles L. Emerman, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation and MetroHealth, Cleveland, Ohio; Gregg C. Fonarow, MD, Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Marie Galvao, CANP, Congestive Heart Failure Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; J. Thomas Heywood, MD, Cardiomyopathy Program, Adult Cardiac Transplant, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda; Thierry H. LeJemtel, MD, Cardiology Division, Albert Einstein Hospital, Bronx; Lynne Warner Stevenson, MD, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass; Clyde W. Yancy, MD, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, St Paul University Hospital.
ADHERE Study Group
Jeannie M. Fiber, PhD, Department of Clinical Registries; Margarita Lopatin, MS, Department of Biostatistics; and Janet Wynne, MS, Department of Biostatistics, Scios Inc.
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Financial Disclosure: Drs Fonarow, Heywood, and Yancy are consultants to and have received honoraria from Scios Inc.
Author Affiliations: Division of Cardiology, Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (Dr Fonarow); Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Dr Yancy); and Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, Calif (Dr Heywood).
Group Information: A list of hospitals participating in ADHERE can be found at http://www.adhereregistry.com.
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ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Association Between Performance Measures and Clinical Outcomes for Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure
Fonarow et al.
JAMA 2007;297:61-70.
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