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Opposite Bone Remodeling Effects of Teriparatide and Alendronate in Increasing Bone Mass
Michael R. McClung, MD;
Javier San Martin, MD;
Paul D. Miller, MD;
Roberto Civitelli, MD;
Francisco Bandeira, MD;
Molly Omizo, MD;
David W. Donley, PhD;
Gail P. Dalsky, PhD;
Erik F. Eriksen, MD
Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1762-1768.
ABSTRACT
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Background Antiresorptive agents for the treatment of osteoporosis suppress bone remodeling and reestablish bone turnover at a lower rate to reduce bone loss. Recombinant teriparatide (human parathyroid hormone 1-34) stimulates bone formation, increases bone mass, and improves bone microarchitecture. We contrasted the effects of once-daily doses of 20 µg of teriparatide and 10 mg of alendronate sodium on bone mineral density (BMD) and markers of bone turnover.
Methods Markers of bone turnover and areal BMD were assessed in 203 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in an 18-month randomized parallel double-blind study; volumetric BMD was measured in a subset of women.
Results Teriparatide significantly increased markers of bone turnover that peaked at 6 months (serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide, 218%, and urinary N-telopeptide corrected for creatinine, 58%; P<.001); alendronate significantly decreased the markers at 6 months (–67% and –72%, respectively; P<.001). At 18 months, areal and volumetric spine BMDs were significantly higher with teriparatide than with alendronate (10.3% vs 5.5% [P<.001] and 19.0% vs 3.8% [P<.01], respectively). Areal femoral neck BMD was significantly higher than baseline in the teriparatide and alendronate groups (3.9% and 3.5%, respectively). There were no significant differences in trabecular femoral neck BMD between the teriparatide and alendronate groups (4.9% and 2.2%, respectively). Cortical volumetric femoral neck BMD was significantly different between the teriparatide and alendronate groups (–1.2% and 7.7%, respectively; P = .05).
Conclusion Two distinct options for the management of osteoporosis lead to increases in BMD by opposite mechanisms of action on bone remodeling.
INTRODUCTION
The target of osteoporosis treatments has been the prevention of fractures by correcting the imbalance in the bone remodeling process1 that affects mechanical properties related to bone strength, including bone geometry and microarchitecture.2 Accelerated bone remodeling constitutes an additional risk factor for fracture when bone resorption exceeds bone formation.3-4 Osteoporosis therapies can preferentially modulate bone resorption and formation,5 thus reducing or reversing the negative balance in bone remodeling.
Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption,6 thereby improving the bone remodeling balance. This reduction in the rate of bone turnover, with a trend toward positive bone balance, preserves microarchitecture and lowers the incidence of osteoporotic fractures.7-15
Teriparatide (human parathyroid hormone [PTH] 1-34, of recombinant DNA origin), an anabolic agent given once daily that increases bone remodeling, represents a new therapeutic option for osteoporosis.16-18 In contrast to antiresorptive agents, teriparatide increases bone formation earlier and to a greater magnitude than resorption, resulting in a positive bone balance, an increase in bone mineral density (BMD), an improvement in bone microarchitecture and strength, and a reduction in fracture incidence.16-17,19-23 To our knowledge, the present study is the first to compare the effects of the approved daily doses of teriparatide (20 µg) and alendronate sodium (10 mg) on areal (as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry [DXA]) and volumetric (as measured by quantitative computed tomography [QCT]) BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover.
METHODS
STUDY DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS
This was a randomized, double-blind, active comparator study. The study consisted of a 2-month screening phase and an 18-month treatment phase. Postmenopausal women (n = 641) with osteoporosis, 45 to 84 years of age, were screened for the study; 203 women were randomized and followed up at 19 clinical sites globally. Of the 438 women who did not qualify for the study, 385 (87.9%) did not meet inclusion criteria and 45 (10.3%) declined participation before randomization. Subjects were ambulatory, 5 years or more past menopause, had a BMD T score between –2.5 and –4.0 at the lumbar spine or femoral neck, and had normal or clinically insignificant abnormal laboratory values, including serum calcium, PTH 1-84, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase.
Women were excluded if they had prior treatment with PTH or a PTH analogue; treatment with bisphosphonates within 12 months, anabolic corticosteroids or calcitriol or vitamin D analogues or agonists within 6 months, estrogens or selective estrogen receptor modulators within 3 months, or calcitonin within 2 months; therapeutic doses of fluoride; systemic corticosteroid use within 1 month or for more than 30 days in the prior year; use of anticoagulants within 1 month; history of diseases other than postmenopausal osteoporosis that affect bone metabolism; malignant neoplasms within 5 years; carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix within 1 year; nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis within 2 years; abnormal uncorrected thyroid function; liver disease or clinical jaundice; impaired renal function; alcohol or other drug abuse; or poor medical or psychiatric risk for treatment. Patients with an increased risk of osteosarcoma (ie, patients with Paget disease of bone, previous skeletal exposure to external beam radiotherapy, or previous malignant neoplasm involving the skeleton) were also excluded. The institutional review board at each clinical site approved the study protocol, which followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before the start of screening tests.
STUDY TREATMENTS
Women who successfully completed the screening phase were randomly assigned to receive once-daily doses of 20 µg of teriparatide (Eli Lilly and Company) and oral placebo (n = 102) or 10 mg of oral alendronate (Fosamax; Merck and Company, Inc) and injectable placebo (n = 101). Each woman received daily supplementation of calcium (1000 mg) and vitamin D (400-800 IU) throughout the study.
STUDY OUTCOMES
The study end points were percentage change from baseline in areal and volumetric BMDs measured at the lumbar spine and total hip and biochemical markers of bone turnover. Follow-up visits were conducted at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months of treatment. Serum calcium concentrations were checked at screening, at baseline, and at 1 and 18 months or at an early discontinuation visit. Clinical adverse events were assessed at each study visit and at contacts initiated by the patient. Compliance with study treatments was assessed at each postrandomization visit by direct questioning of the participants and by quantifying the study drugs returned in disposable pens (used and unused) and the remaining tablets.
Areal BMD (in grams per square centimeter) was measured in all patients by DXA using Lunar (GE Lunar Corporation, Madison, Wis) or Hologic (Hologic Inc, Bedford, Mass) densitometers. Lumbar spine (L1-L4) BMD was measured at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months; femoral neck BMD was measured at baseline and at 12 and 18 months.
Volumetric BMD (in milligrams per cubic centimeter) of the lumbar spine (L1-L3) and femoral neck was assessed in a subset of patients (teriparatide group, 30 patients, and alendronate group, 26 patients) by QCT at 7 study sites. Measurements were made at baseline and at 6 and 18 months. Trabecular BMD of the lumbar vertebrae (L1-L3) was assessed using 3-mm slices obtained at the midportion of each vertebra. Femoral neck BMD was determined in the trabecular and cortical envelopes.
Quality assurance and centralized analysis of the BMD scans acquired by DXA and QCT were provided by a central imaging facility (Bio-Imaging Technologies, Inc, Newtown, Pa). Quantitative computed tomography scans were analyzed using commercial software (QCT PRO; Mindways Software, Inc, San Francisco, Calif). A QCT calibration phantom was provided to each site.
Standard clinical laboratory tests were performed at screening and at 1 and 18 months on samples obtained at least 12 hours following the injection of study medication. Biochemical markers of bone formation (serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide [PINP]) and of bone resorption (urinary N-telopeptide corrected for creatinine [NTx]) were assessed in all patients at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Urinary N-telopeptide corrected for creatinine was measured by Covance Central Laboratory Services (Indianapolis, Ind) using the Osteomark enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ostex Corporation, Seattle, Wash). Serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide was measured by Synarc Laboratory (Lyon, France) using the UniQ radioimmunoassay (iodine 125) kit from Orion Diagnostica (Espoo, Finland). The intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were 4.5% to 6.6% and 6.7% to 14.8%, respectively, for NTx and 3.6% to 5.0% and 4.1% to 4.8%, respectively, for PINP.
We assessed the correlation of early changes in PINP using the area under the curve from the first 6 months of treatment and changes in areal lumbar spine BMD at the study end point. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was calculated between the 6-month area under the curve values and the last observed lumbar spine DXA BMD measurement.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Statistical analyses were based on a modified intent-to-treat principle using SAS software, version 8.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). The intent-to-treat population included all randomized and treated patients, analyzed according to the treatment assigned. Safety analyses were conducted using all intent-to-treat patients, and efficacy analyses were conducted using all intent-to-treat patients with baseline measurement and at least 1 postbaseline measurement of the factor being analyzed.
Baseline characteristics were compared using t tests for continuous variables and Fisher exact tests for categorical variables. Efficacy analyses were performed using the mixed-model repeated-measures method for changes from baseline. Treatment comparisons were based on contrasts of the treatment-x-visit interaction. Percentage change estimates were derived by dividing the estimates for change from baseline from the model by the mean baseline value for all patients in the analysis.
Adverse events were coded using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). Fisher exact tests were used to compare the 2 treatments with respect to treatment-emergent incidence rates. Study investigators at the local centers assessed the severity of adverse events. The severity of back pain, a prespecified end point, was recorded as subjective information from the patient.
RESULTS
BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS AND MARKERS OF BONE TURNOVER
There were no significant differences between the alendronate and teriparatide groups at baseline in patient characteristics, BMD, or biochemical markers of bone turnover (Table). Percentage changes from baseline to 12 months for PINP and NTx are illustrated in Figure 1. Alendronate significantly decreased NTx after 1 month and PINP after 3 months. Conversely, teriparatide significantly increased both markers of bone remodeling: PINP increased 105% above baseline at 1 month and peaked at 6 months (218%). The increases in NTx (58% at peak) reached significance only after 3 months of treatment. The different effects of the 2 drugs on bone remodeling were evident after 1 month of treatment, with significant differences between the groups for each marker at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (P<.001).
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Table. Baseline Patient Characteristics*
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Figure 1. Percentage change (mean ± SE) from baseline in serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) and urinary N-telopeptide corrected for creatinine (NTx) in the alendronate and teriparatide treatment groups. Asterisk indicates P<.05; dagger, P<.001.
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BONE MINERAL DENSITY
Areal BMD of the lumbar spine increased similarly in the alendronate and teriparatide groups after 3 months (2.7% and 3.0%, respectively; Figure 2). From 3 to 18 months, the alendronate group gained an additional 2.8% at the spine, compared with a 7.3% gain in the teriparatide group. The BMD profiles of the 2 treatments were significantly different at each time point, beginning at 6 months (P<.005). The differences between the treatment groups were of greater magnitude when volumetric trabecular lumbar spine BMD by QCT was examined. The gain in trabecular BMD with teriparatide was more than 2-fold higher than with alendronate (12.2% vs 5.1%) at 6 months (P<.02). From 6 to 18 months, there was no further increase in trabecular BMD with alendronate treatment. At 18 months, teriparatide-treated patients exhibited a 5-fold greater increase in volumetric trabecular BMD than did alendronate-treated patients, 19.0% vs 3.8% (P<.01).
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Figure 2. Percentage change (mean ± SE) from baseline in lumbar spine bone mineral density. The numbers of patients with postbaseline dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) measurements were 91 and 23, respectively, in the alendronate group and 96 and 26, respectively, in the teriparatide group. Asterisk indicates P<.05; dagger, P<.01; and double dagger, P<.001 (alendronate vs teriparatide for all).
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Teriparatide therapy and alendronate therapy were associated with similar and significant increases from baseline in areal BMD at the femoral neck after 18 months (3.9% and 3.5%, respectively; Figure 3). Trabecular volumetric BMD of the femoral neck increased significantly from baseline to 18 months with teriparatide (4.9%, P<.01) but not with alendronate treatment (2.2%, P = .22); the between-group difference was not significant (P = .24). In the cortical bone envelope, there was a significant difference in volumetric BMD between the alendronate and teriparatide groups, 7.7% and –1.2%, respectively, after 18 months of treatment (P = .05).
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Figure 3. Percentage change (mean ± SE) from baseline to month 18 in femoral neck bone mineral density. The numbers of patients with month-18 dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) measurements were 72 and 18, respectively, in the alendronate group and 69 and 20, respectively, in the teriparatide group. Asterisk indicates P = .05 (alendronate vs teriparatide).
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Early changes in PINP were significantly positively correlated with areal BMD of the lumbar spine in the teriparatide-treated group (Figure 4). In the alendronate-treated group, early changes in PINP had significant negative correlations with areal BMD of the lumbar spine.
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Figure 4. Correlation between the serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) area under the curve (AUC) from the first 6 months of treatment and the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) at the study end point.
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SAFETY
Both treatments were safe and well tolerated. Except for back pain, there were no clinically meaningful differences between the groups in treatment-emergent adverse events. The number of patients reporting new or worsening back pain during treatment was lower in the teriparatide group compared with the alendronate group, 26% vs 39% (P = .05). There were significantly fewer teriparatide-treated patients compared with alendronate-treated patients who reported back pain with at least moderate severity, 15% vs 33% (P = .003) for moderate or severe back pain and 4% vs 12% (P = .04) for severe back pain.
The difference in the incidence of hypercalcemia between the teriparatide (2.9%) and alendronate (0.0%) groups was not statistically significant (P = .25). The number of clinical fractures was similar after 18 months of treatment (alendronate group, 8 fractures, and teriparatide group, 9 fractures). Because spine x-rays were not performed, the occurrence of morphometric vertebral fractures could not be assessed.
There were no significant differences between the groups in the number of women who withdrew from the study (alendronate group, 13 patients, and teriparatide group, 18 patients). Compliance with oral and injectable medications averaged 93% and 90%, respectively, for the alendronate group and 94% and 97%, respectively, for the teriparatide group.
COMMENT
We compared the effects of alendronate, a potent inhibitor of bone resorption, and teriparatide, a bone formation agent, on BMD and markers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The improvement in BMD from these approved agents is mediated by distinct and opposite effects on bone cell activity.24 Both drugs increased BMD in the spine and hip, although the magnitude and nature of these changes differ significantly between drug therapies, consistent with previous findings by Body et al25 using 40 µg/d of PTH 1-34 and by Black et al26 using 100 µg/d of PTH 1-84.
Alendronate therapy significantly reduced markers of bone turnover, as reported previously.25-30 Bone resorption was suppressed after 1 month of treatment, while inhibition of formation occurred by 3 months. A new steady state of reduced bone turnover was achieved after 6 months and persisted through month 12.31 As a result of these changes in bone metabolism, BMD values increased modestly in the spine and proximal femur. The increase in spine density was more rapid during the first months of treatment, with slower rates of gain noted thereafter. This pattern of BMD response in the lumbar spine is predictable from an understanding of the mechanisms through which inhibitors of bone remodeling increase BMD, including a rapid closure of the remodeling space and a reduced number of new (active) bone remodeling units, resulting in increased time for matrix mineralization.9, 12 In contrast, teriparatide therapy markedly increased the rate of bone formation by the first month of treatment, progressed during the first 6 months, and persisted through month 12. Bone resorption increased modestly between 3 and 12 months. As a result, a positive balance in bone remodeling occurred, resulting in a substantial increase in trabecular bone mass in the spine and hip, best demonstrated by the changes in trabecular spine BMD measured by QCT. Although increased bone remodeling is associated with greater bone loss and increased fracture risk,3, 32 the increased bone turnover with teriparatide improves bone balance that leads to incremental gains in bone mass.24
The increases from baseline in areal femoral neck BMD observed with teriparatide and alendronate are consistent with previous reports.7, 16-17,25-26,30 In contrast, important differences were observed when the treatment effects were evaluated separately by QCT in the cortical and trabecular compartments of the femoral neck. A greater increase in trabecular BMD was observed with teriparatide than with alendronate, similar to the changes seen in the trabecular BMD of the spine. On the other hand, cortical BMD in the femoral neck increased to a greater extent with alendronate therapy than with teriparatide therapy, consistent with the action of alendronate to decrease cortical porosity and increase secondary mineralization.9, 12, 31 In contrast, teriparatide increases bone turnover, thereby expanding the remodeling space and replacing older mineralized bone with newer, not yet fully mineralized bone tissue,22, 33 resulting in a transient decrease in BMD values of cortical bone. Teriparatide therapy initially increases the porosity in the endosteal component of cortical bone but does not adversely affect bone strength.20, 34-35 Our results add to the evidence that changes in femoral neck BMD observed with DXA may not adequately or accurately reflect the changes in bone structure that occur with the 2 treatments evaluated in this study.
Biochemical markers of bone turnover reflect the different mechanisms of action of teriparatide and alendronate.4, 36-38 The rapid and early decrease in markers correlates with changes in bone mass and fracture risk reduction associated with antiresorptive treatments.4, 32, 37, 39-43 In this study, PINP, a marker of bone formation, exemplified the opposite mechanisms of action, suggesting that PINP may be an appropriate marker to monitor the skeletal response to teriparatide.39 Early changes in PINP correlate positively with ultimate areal and volumetric BMD responses in teriparatide-treated patients and correlate inversely with areal BMD in alendronate-treated patients.
A clinical characteristic that differs between treatment with teriparatide and alendronate is the effect of therapy on the incidence of back pain. In this study, fewer patients treated with teriparatide reported new or worsening back pain, particularly with respect to moderate and severe back pain, compared with those treated with alendronate. These findings are consistent with those of Body et al,25 who found that back pain was reported less frequently by patients treated with teriparatide (40 µg/d) than with alendronate.
Our study has important limitations. Spinal radiographs were not obtained, precluding the possibility of assessing preexisting or new vertebral fractures. Therefore, the association of back pain with vertebral fractures could not be evaluated. Although alendronate and teriparatide are known to significantly reduce the incidence of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis,7-8,16-17 the small numbers of subjects in our study with fractures prevented a comparison of fracture rates. As a consequence, our results demonstrate that teriparatide and alendronate affect BMD, bone turnover, and probably fracture reduction by different mechanisms but do not provide evidence about the comparative fracture protection effectiveness of the 2 therapies.
In summary, this study demonstrates that the 2 treatments, each of which has been previously shown to be effective in the treatment of osteoporosis in men and postmenopausal women,7-8,10, 17, 21 accomplish their salutary effects by different and, in fact, opposite effects on bone metabolism.24, 44 The significant increases in trabecular BMD observed with teriparatide are accomplished by activating bone formation and increasing trabecular bone volume,22, 34 while the smaller increases in BMD seen with alendronate are the result of the inhibition of bone turnover, resulting in the filling of remodeling spaces and increased mineralization of bone matrix.9, 12 Although similar changes in BMD in the proximal femur occur with the 2 treatments, the mechanisms for the changes differ substantially. In no other disease state, to our knowledge, do the options for treatment involve strategies that affect the responsive tissue with opposite consequences (ie, bone turnover increases with teriparatide and decreases with alendronate).
The availability of 2 distinct treatment options for the management of osteoporosis provides the opportunity to select the optimal treatment strategy for a given patient based on different clinical and pathophysiological characteristics.10, 24, 44-47 The challenge facing clinicians and clinical investigators is to identify those attributes in an individual patient that would determine whether an antiresorptive agent or an anabolic agent would be most appropriate.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Michael R. McClung, MD, Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 5050 NE Hoyt, Suite 651, Portland, OR 97213 (mmcclung{at}orost.com).
Accepted for Publication: February 28, 2005.
Funding/Support: This research was supported by Eli Lilly and Company.
Acknowledgment: The following additional investigators participated in the study: Ricardo Correa-Rotter, MD, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Robin K. Dore, MD, Anaheim, Calif; Susan L. Greenspan, MD, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Lillian Haddock, MD, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan; Douglas P. Kiel, MD, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; N. Martin Lunde, MD, Twin Cities Clinical Research, Arden Hills, Minn; John Reed, MD, Fallon Clinic, West Boylston, Mass; Botras Rizk, MD, University of South Alabama, Mobile; Thomas J. Schnitzer, MD, PhD, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill; Jerrold Stock, MD, Endocrine Medical Associates, Morristown, NJ; Vera Szejnfled, MD, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Juan Tamayo, MD, Comité Mexicano para la Prevención de la Osteoporosis, Mexico City; Robert G. Trapp, MD, The Arthritis Center, Springfield, Ill; Mark Warren, MD, Physicians East, Greenville, NC; and Richard Wasnich, MD, Hawaii Osteoporosis Center, Honolulu.
We thank Robert Marcus, MD, for his critical review of the manuscript and Melinda Rance for preparation of the figures. Christopher Cann, PhD, served as a consultant for the QCT scans, and Colin G. Miller, PhD, provided valuable assistance in the analysis of the QCT scans.
Financial Disclosure: Drs McClung and Miller received research grants from Eli Lilly and Company and from Merck and Company, Inc, West Point, Pa. In addition, Dr Miller has served as a paid consultant to Eli Lilly and Company and to Merck and Company, Inc. Drs Civitelli and Bandeira have received research grants from and served as paid consultants to Eli Lilly and Company. In addition, Dr Civitelli owns stock in Eli Lilly and Company. Dr Omizo has served as a paid consultant to Eli Lilly and Company.
Author Affiliations: Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland (Drs McClung and Omizo); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Ind (Drs San Martin, Donley, Dalsky, and Eriksen); Colorado Center for Bone Research, Lakewood (Dr Miller); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (Dr Civitelli); and Osteoporosis Center, University of Pernambuco, and Hospital Agamenon Magalhaes, Recife, Brazil (Dr Bandeira).
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