 |
|
Enoxaparin Dosing and Associated Risk of In-Hospital Bleeding and Death in Patients With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
Nancy M. Allen LaPointe, PharmD;
Anita Y. Chen, MS;
Karen P. Alexander, MD;
Matthew T. Roe, MD, MHS;
Charles V. Pollack Jr, MD, MA;
Barbara L. Lytle, MS;
Magnus E. Ohman, MD;
Brian W. Gibler, MD;
Eric D. Peterson, MD, MPH
Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(14):1539-1544.
ABSTRACT
| |
Background The efficacy of enoxaparin sodium in non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes is well established; however, concerns remain regarding bleeding risk. The extent to which bleeding risk is attributable to excess dosing of enoxaparin is unclear.
Methods Using data from the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) National Quality Improvement Initiative, we determined the frequency of administration of excess (>10 mg above the recommended dose), lower-than-recommended (>10 mg below the recommended dose), and recommended doses of enoxaparin. We also determined unadjusted and adjusted risks of in-hospital major bleeding and death associated with excess and lower-than-recommended doses of enoxaparin.
Results Of 10 687 patients, 2002 (18.7%) received an excess dose and 3116 (29.2%) received a lower-than-recommended dose of enoxaparin. Patients receiving excess doses were older (median age, 78 vs 66 years), smaller (median body mass index [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared], 26.2 vs 27.8), and more likely to be female (59.5% vs 38.2%) than patients receiving recommended doses (P < .001 for all). After adjustment for baseline characteristics, an excess dose was significantly associated with major bleeding (odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-1.75) and death (odds ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03-1.77) compared with a recommended dose. A lower-than-recommended dose was not associated with major bleeding (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.84-1.21), but there was a trend toward higher mortality (odds ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.93-1.68).
Conclusions Almost half the patients treated with enoxaparin did not receive a recommended dose and had worse outcomes, especially those receiving an excess dose. Improved adherence to the recommended dose could substantially improve the safety profile of enoxaparin.
INTRODUCTION
Enoxaparin sodium, a low-molecular-weight heparin, has been shown to be effective in reducing death or myocardial infarction in non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS).1-4 The 2002 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for the management of NSTE ACS recommend not only the use of either subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin or intravenous unfractionated heparin with aspirin as a class I recommendation but also the use of enoxaparin as a class IIa recommendation in lieu of unfractionated heparin if coronary artery bypass graft surgery is not planned within 24 hours.5
Despite these advantages, the bleeding risk with enoxaparin has been found to be equal to or greater than that with either unfractionated heparin3 or the newer selective Xa inhibitor fondaparinux.4, 6 Major bleeding rates with enoxaparin in clinical trials for NSTE ACS have ranged from approximately 1% to 6.5%, depending on the definition of major bleeding, the time of the observation, and the use of concomitant therapies.1-4,7-8 These clinical trials also excluded or minimally enrolled patients with renal insufficiency, multiple comorbidities, obesity, and advanced age,9 patients who are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Therefore, the bleeding rates reported in these clinical trials may actually underestimate bleeding rates in clinical practice.
Enoxaparin clearance is decreased in renal insufficiency, making empirical dose reductions necessary to minimize bleeding risk.9-12 Current recommendations suggest that the enoxaparin dosing interval should be extended from every 12 to 24 hours in patients with a creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min (to convert to milliliters per second, multiply by 0.0167).13-14 Guidance on dosing in patients with moderate renal insufficiency, obesity, or advanced age is less specific.15-16
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which enoxaparin was dosed in accordance with the current recommendations in a large, contemporary, community-based NSTE ACS population. We identified patients at highest risk for receiving an excess dose and a lower-than-recommended dose and investigated the unadjusted and adjusted risks of in-hospital major bleeding and death associated with enoxaparin dose.
METHODS
The study cohort was obtained from the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines) National Quality Improvement Initiative. The CRUSADE initiative contains clinical data from patients hospitalized for NSTE ACS at participating US hospitals. For inclusion in the CRUSADE initiative patients must have symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia for more than 10 minutes and have either positive cardiac markers (troponin or creatine kinase–MB fraction), ST-segment depression greater than 0.5 mm, or transient ST-segment elevation of 0.6 to 1.0 mm for more than 10 minutes. Between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2005, a total of 550 hospitals participated in the CRUSADE initiative. Collected data elements and registry processes have been previously presented.17
In 2004 the enoxaparin dosing interval was added as a new data element on the CRUSADE data collection form. For this study, patients were identified who received enoxaparin and were enrolled in 2005 using the data collection form that included the enoxaparin dosing interval. The institutional review board of each hospital approved their organization's participation in the CRUSADE initiative.
ENOXAPARIN DOSE
For each identified patient the recorded initial enoxaparin dose and dosing interval were used to determine the total amount of enoxaparin administered in 1 day (administered daily dose). The recommended daily dose of enoxaparin was then calculated for each patient. On the basis of product labeling, the recommended enoxaparin sodium dose is 1 mg/kg every 12 hours for patients with a creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min or greater and 1 mg/kg every 24 hours for patients with a creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min. Thus, the recommended daily dose of enoxaparin sodium was 2 mg/kg for patients with a creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min or greater and 1 mg/kg for patients with a creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min. The patient's recorded body weight was used for this calculation. Creatinine clearance was estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation using the patient's baseline serum creatinine level and lean body weight, as determined by height and sex.18-19
For each patient the administered daily dose of enoxaparin was then compared with the recommended daily dose. If the administered daily dose exceeded the recommended daily dose by more than 10 mg, the patient was categorized as having received an "excess" dose of enoxaparin. If the administered daily dose was more than 10 mg below the recommended daily dose, the patient was categorized as having received a "lower-than-recommended" dose of enoxaparin. If the administered daily dose and recommended daily dose did not vary by more than 10 mg, the patient was categorized as having received the "recommended" dose of enoxaparin. These definitions were determined a priori and were established to allow for a small variation for rounding in the recommended dose.
Secondary analyses were conducted by splitting the group of patients with excess doses into 2 groups. The first group contained those who had a "low" excess dose, defined as having an administered daily dose of enoxaparin that was more than 10 mg above the recommended dose but not more than 30 mg above the recommended dose. The second group contained those who had received a "high" excess dose, defined as an administered daily dose that was more than 30 mg above the recommended dose.
OUTCOME MEASURES
The clinical outcome measures for this study were in-hospital major bleeding and death. Patients who were transferred to another hospital were excluded from all analyses, and patients who had coronary artery bypass graft surgery during hospitalization were also excluded from the analyses for major bleeding. Major bleeding was defined as (1) an absolute decrease in hematocrit concentration of at least 12% from baseline, (2) intracranial hemorrhage, (3) retroperitoneal bleeding, (4) a red blood cell transfusion in patients who had a baseline hematocrit level of 28% or greater, or (5) a red blood cell transfusion in patients who had a baseline hematocrit level less than 28% with a documented bleeding event of any kind. In-hospital death included any death regardless of cause.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The focus of the analysis was to describe and compare baseline patient characteristics, clinical presentation, hospital characteristics and care, and clinical outcomes (major bleeding and death during hospitalization) between patients who received an excess dose of enoxaparin and those who received the recommended dose of enoxaparin and between those who received a lower-than-recommended dose and those who received the recommended dose. In addition, comparisons of patient characteristics were made between the study cohort and patients who were excluded. Medians and 25th and 75th percentiles are reported for continuous variables and percentages are reported for categorical variables. To test for the independence of excess enoxaparin dose and characteristics and outcomes, the Mantel-Haenszel  2 test was used, controlling for hospital site.
To explore the relationships between in-hospital clinical outcomes and use of an excess enoxaparin dose vs the recommended dose and a lower-than-recommended dose vs the recommended dose, a logistic generalized estimating equations method was used. The method accounts for within-hospital clustering of responses, as patients at the same hospital are more likely to be similar to each other than to those at other hospitals.20 Two models were performed with different adjustments. The primary model included baseline patient characteristics only, and the second model included baseline patient characteristics, the use of clopidogrel bisulfate or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors within 24 hours of hospital admission, and the use of percutaneous coronary intervention within 24 hours of admission. Baseline patient characteristics included in the models were age; sex; race; body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); family history of coronary artery disease; renal impairment (creatinine clearance <60 mL/min on admission); history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia; previous myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous coronary intervention, and heart failure; current or recent smoker; ST-segment depression; transient ST-segment elevation; clinical signs of heart failure on admission; positive cardiac markers on admission; admission heart rate; and admission systolic blood pressure. In the second model, use of clopidogrel, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and percutaneous coronary intervention within 24 hours and contraindications to clopidogrel, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and percutaneous coronary intervention were included as additional variables. Interactions between age and excess dose, sex and excess dose, and in-hospital renal impairment and excess dose were explored for each clinical outcome in the primary model. Secondary analyses were conducted comparing low excess dose vs recommended dose, high excess dose vs recommended dose, and lower-than-recommended dose vs recommended dose. P < .05 was considered statistically significant for all tests. All analyses were performed using a software program (SAS version 8.2; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina).
RESULTS
In 2005, of 33 094 patients with NSTE ACS, 13 225 (40.0%) received enoxaparin as part of their treatment. Of these, 2094 (15.8%) were excluded owing to missing the initial enoxaparin dose or dosing interval, and another 444 (3.4%) were excluded owing to missing serum creatinine or weight values. The resulting study cohort consisted of 10 687 patients from 332 hospitals. There were no clinically significant differences in baseline patient characteristics between the study cohort and patients who were excluded. There was no significant difference between the study cohort and those who were excluded in the proportion of patients with major bleeding (8.8% for each) or the proportion who died during hospitalization (3.3% vs 4.2%; P = .07).
ENOXAPARIN DOSING
The distribution of differences between the administered dose and the recommended dose is presented in Figure 1. In the study cohort, 2002 patients (18.7%) received an excess dose of enoxaparin, 3116 (29.2%) received a lower-than-recommended dose, and 5569 (52.1%) received the recommended dose. Of patients who received an excess dose, 1157 (57.8%) had a creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min, the point at which extension of the dosing interval is recommended. Patient characteristics and comparisons by dosing group are given in Table 1.
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. Distribution of differences between the administered daily dose and the recommended daily dose of enoxaparin sodium. Excess was defined as an administered daily dose that exceeded the recommended dose by more than 10 mg/d; recommended; an administered daily dose that did not vary from the recommended dose by more than 10 mg/d; and lower-than-recommended, an administered daily dose that was more than 10 mg/d less than the recommended dose.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Characteristics of Patients With Excess, Lower-Than-Recommended, and Recommended Enoxaparin Sodium Doses a
|
|
|
IN-HOSPITAL MAJOR BLEEDING
Of the 7920 patients in the study cohort, 699 (8.8%) had major bleeding during hospitalization. The proportion of patients with major bleeding was significantly higher in patients who received an excess enoxaparin dose than in those who received the recommended dose (14.2% vs 7.3%; P < .001) (Figure 2). There was no significant difference in the proportion with major bleeding among those who received a lower-than-recommended dose compared with those who received the recommended dose (7.9% vs 7.3%; P = .50).
|
|
|
|
Figure 2. In-hospital major bleeding and death according to the enoxaparin sodium dose received. Excess was defined as an administered daily dose that exceeded the recommended dose by more than 10 mg/d; recommended, an administered daily dose that did not vary from the recommended dose by more than 10 mg/d); and lower-than-recommended, an administered daily dose that was more than 10 mg/d less than the recommended dose.
|
|
|
The unadjusted and adjusted risks of major bleeding are given in Table 2. Excess dose compared with recommended dose was independently and significantly associated with an increased risk of major bleeding after adjustment for baseline patient characteristics (odds ratio [OR], 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-1.75). Using the second model, there continued to be a significant association between excess dose and major bleeding (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.21-1.80) (Table 2). There was no statistically significant unadjusted or adjusted association with risk of major bleeding between use of a lower-than-recommended dose compared with the recommended dose in these models.
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Unadjusted and Adjusted Risks of Major Bleeding and Death by Enoxaparin Sodium Dosing a
|
|
|
Among patients who received an excess dose, 1282 (64.0%) received a high excess dose. In secondary analyses, use of a high excess dose was significantly associated with a higher risk of major bleeding compared with those receiving the recommended dose (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.24-1.89), but use of a low excess dose was not (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.85-1.70).
We also tested for interactions between enoxaparin dose and patient age, renal insufficiency, and sex. Although the effect of excess dosing did not vary by patient age and renal function, there was a greater risk of major bleeding associated with receiving an excess enoxaparin dose compared with receiving the recommended dose in women (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.33-2.11) but not in men (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.83-1.62); P = .03 for interaction.
IN-HOSPITAL DEATH
Of the 8960 patients in the study cohort, 292 (3.3%) died during hospitalization. A significantly greater proportion of patients who received an excess dose of enoxaparin died compared with those who received the recommended dose (5.6% vs 2.4%; P<.001) (Figure 2). There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients who received a lower-than-recommended dose of enoxaparin who died during hospitalization compared with those who received the recommended dose (3.3% vs 2.4%; P = .11).
The unadjusted and adjusted risks of in-hospital death are given in Table 2. There was a significantly higher risk of in-hospital death in patients who received an excess dose compared with those who received the recommended dose when adjusting for baseline characteristics (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03-1.77), but the association between death and use of a lower-than-recommended dose compared with the recommended dose was not statistically significant (Table 2).
No significant interactions between enoxaparin dose status and age (P = .80) or sex (P = .70) were found. An interaction between excess enoxaparin dose and in-hospital renal impairment was of borderline significance only (P = .05). Using the second model, there was no significant difference between excess dose and recommended dose on in-hospital death (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.99-1.73). In secondary analyses, there was no significant increase in death (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.44-1.36) from low excess dose compared with the recommended dose. However, for those with a high excess dose, there was a significantly higher risk of in-hospital death compared with those receiving the recommended dose (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.17-2.09).
COMMENT
In this observational study, we found that in US hospitals participating in the CRUSADE initiative, approximately 1 of every 5 patients who received enoxaparin for the treatment of NSTE ACS received a dose that was in excess of current dosing recommendations. Use of an excess enoxaparin dose was associated with increased risk of in-hospital major bleeding and death, especially among women, those with renal impairment, and those who received a high excess dose (>30 mg/d above the recommended dose).
It has long been known that in-hospital major bleeding can lead to additional complications and prolonged hospitalization; however, more recent evidence21 suggests that in-hospital major bleeding is also independently associated with an increase in short- and longer-term risk of death after hospital discharge. In the OASIS 5 (Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes) study4 patients who had major bleeding during hospitalization had a significantly higher rate of death at 30 days than patients without a major or minor bleed (13.2% vs 2.8%) regardless of whether they received enoxaparin or fondaparinux. Therefore, careful attention to the administered dose of enoxaparin, a modifiable risk factor for major bleeding, to minimize the risk of bleeding and death is imperative.
In a recent study by Alexander et al22 in which data from the CRUSADE initiative were also used, 13.8% of patients who received enoxaparin received an excess dose. In that study, only the initial weight-adjusted dose was available, and an excess dose was defined as a dose greater than 1.05 mg/kg. In addition, that study did not investigate interactions of enoxaparin dosing in patient subsets such as age, sex, and renal function. With the addition of data on the dosing interval we can now take into account dosing recommendations in patients with impaired renal function. The fact that 57.8% of patients who received an excess dose had a creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min and required extension of the dosing interval likely accounts for the higher frequency of excess enoxaparin doses in this study.
In this study it seemed that most of the increased risk was attributed to the use of very high vs moderately high excess doses of enoxaparin. Numerous other factors were previously shown to be associated with increased risk of bleeding in patients with ACS, including advanced age, female sex, and renal insufficiency.23-24 However, although these risk factors are not modifiable, selection of the enoxaparin dose is. Following the current dosing recommendation for enoxaparin, although it may not currently take into account other patient-specific factors that alter the relationship between dose and effect, could potentially lead to reduced bleeding and death and thus improve overall safety. Although additional studies are needed to further fine-tune this dosing recommendation for special populations, such as obese individuals, very old people, and those with moderate renal impairment,15-16 implementation in clinical practice of the existing dosing recommendations could go a long way toward improving safety while potentially more complex and patient-specific dosing recommendations are developed. This evidence-based approach to managing ACS has been focused on getting the correct drug to the correct patient. Now, additional attention needs to be focused on getting the correct dose to those patients.
There are several limitations of this study. This was an observational study comparing clinical outcomes in patients who received an excess dose of enoxaparin and those who received the recommended dose. There were many differences in characteristics between these 2 groups, and we attempted to account for these differences in the statistical model. Given that it would be unethical to randomize patients to a treatment arm that included use of a dose of enoxaparin that was above the recommended dose, a randomized clinical trial to evaluate this question is not possible. Another limitation of this study was that only the initial enoxaparin subcutaneous dose and dosing interval were recorded in the registry. Patients may have subsequently had their dose or dosing interval changed, and the duration of enoxaparin treatment is unknown. It should also be recognized that although we found no statistically significant difference between use of a lower-than-recommended dose vs the recommended dose in the primary analyses for bleeding or in-hospital death, this study was not designed to identify other risks associated with use of a lower-than-recommended dose.
In conclusion, enoxaparin is an effective and recommended drug in the treatment of patients with NSTE ACS. We found that 18.7% of patients treated with enoxaparin received an excessive dose and that excess dose was independently and statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of major bleeding and death. Although much attention has been focused on the use of evidence-based medications for cardiovascular disease, less attention has been given to the use of appropriate doses of these evidence-based medications. It is expected that increased vigilance in dosing will reduce adverse effects and may improve short- and long-term clinical outcomes.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Nancy M. Allen LaPointe, PharmD, 2400 Pratt St, Durham, NC 27705 (allen003{at}mc.duke.edu).
Accepted for Publication: March 26, 2007.
Author Contributions: Dr Allen LaPointe had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Allen LaPointe, Alexander, Roe, Pollack, Ohman, Gibler, and Peterson. Acquisition of data: Allen LaPointe, Roe, Pollack, Lytle, and Peterson. Analysis and interpretation of data: Allen LaPointe, Chen, Alexander, Roe, Pollack, and Peterson. Drafting of the manuscript: Allen LaPointe, Alexander, Lytle, and Peterson. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Allen LaPointe, Chen, Alexander, Roe, Pollack, Ohman, Gibler, and Peterson. Statistical analysis: Chen and Peterson. Obtained funding: Roe, Ohman, and Peterson. Administrative, technical, and material support: Roe, Lytle, Ohman, Gibler, and Peterson. Study supervision: Allen LaPointe, Roe, and Peterson.
Financial Disclosure: Dr Allen LaPointe has received a research grant from Pfizer, research support from Merck, and a speakers honorarium from Sanofi-Aventis. Dr Roe has received research grants from and served on the speakers bureau for Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals Partnership; and Schering Corporation. Dr Ohman has received research grants from Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals Partnership; Schering Corporation; and Berlex. Dr Gibler has received research grants from Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals Partnership; and Schering Corporation. Dr Peterson has received research grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals Partnership, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Merck, and Schering-Plough Corporation.
Funding/Support: The CRUSADE initiative is funded by Schering-Plough Corporation and Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals Partnership. This study was supported by Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, and grant 5 R01 AG025312-02 from the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute on Aging.
Additional Contributions: David Z. Bynum, MEM, provided valuable editorial assistance.
Author Affiliations: Duke Clinical Research Institute (Drs Allen LaPointe, Alexander, Roe, Ohman, and Peterson and Mss Chen and Lytle) and Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology (Dr Allen LaPointe) and Cardiology (Drs Alexander, Roe, Ohman, and Peterson), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Emergency Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Dr Pollack); and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Gibler).
REFERENCES
| |
1. Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP; et al. Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non–Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation. 1999;100(15):1593-1601.
FREE FULL TEXT
2. Antman EM, Cohen M, McCabe C, Goodman SG, Murphy SA, Braunwald E. Enoxaparin is superior to unfractionated heparin for preventing clinical events at 1-year follow-up of TIMI 11B and ESSENCE. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(4):308-314.
FREE FULL TEXT
3. Ferguson JJ, Califf RM, Antman EM; et al. Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy: primary results of the SYNERGY randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292(1):45-54.
FREE FULL TEXT
4. Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S; et al. Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(14):1464-1476.
FREE FULL TEXT
5. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW; et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction—summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(7):1366-1374.
FREE FULL TEXT
6. Gibbons RJ, Fuster V. Therapy for patients with acute coronary syndromes: new opportunities. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(14):1524-1527.
FREE FULL TEXT
7. Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP; et al, Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(7):447-452.
FREE FULL TEXT
8. Goodman SG, Fitchett D, Armstrong PW, Tan M, Langer A. Randomized evaluation of the safety and efficacy of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes receiving the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor eptifibatide. Circulation. 2003;107(2):238-244.
FREE FULL TEXT
9. Collet JP, Montalescot G, Fine E; et al. Enoxaparin in unstable angina patients who would have been excluded from randomized pivotal trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(1):8-14.
FREE FULL TEXT
10. Becker RC, Spencer FA, Gibson M; et al. Influence of patient characteristics and renal function on factor Xa inhibition pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after enoxaparin administration in non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J. 2002;143(5):753-759.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
11. Lim W, Dentali F, Eikelboom JW, Crowther MA. Meta-analysis: low-molecular-weight heparin and bleeding in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(9):673-684.
FREE FULL TEXT
12. Smith BS, Gandhi PJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of low-molecular-weight heparins and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists in renal failure. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2001;11(1):39-48.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
13. Lovenox (enoxaparin sodium) injection [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: Aventis Pharmaceuticals Products Inc; 2004.14. Hulot JS, Montalescot G, Lechat P, Collet JP, Ankri A, Urien S. Dosing strategy in patients with renal failure receiving enoxaparin for the treatment of non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;77(6):542-552.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
15. Busby LT, Weyman A, Rodgers GM. Excessive anticoagulation in patients with mild renal insufficiency receiving long-term therapeutic enoxaparin. Am J Hematol. 2001;67(1):54-56.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
16. Sanderink GJ, Le Liboux A, Jariwala N; et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enoxaparin in obese volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002;72(3):308-318.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
17. Hoekstra JW, Pollack CV Jr, Roe MT; et al. Improving the care of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes in the emergency department: the CRUSADE initiative. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9(11):1146-1155.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
18. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976;16(1):31-41.
ISI
| PUBMED
19. O'Connell MB, Dwinell AM, Bannick-Mohrland SD. Predictive performance of equations to estimate creatinine clearance in hospitalized elderly patients. Ann Pharmacother. 1992;26(5):627-635.
ABSTRACT
20. Liang K, Zeger S. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika. 1986;73:13-22.
FREE FULL TEXT
21. Eikelboom JW, Mehta SR, Anand SS, Xie C, Fox KA, Yusuf S. Adverse impact of bleeding on prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2006;114(8):774-782.
FREE FULL TEXT
22. Alexander KP, Chen AY, Roe MT; et al. Excess dosing of antiplatelet and antithrombin agents in the treatment of non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2005;294(24):3108-3116.
FREE FULL TEXT
23. Dauerman HL, Lessard D, Yarzebski J, Gore JM, Goldberg RJ. Bleeding complications in patients with anemia and acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(10):1379-1383.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
24. Moscucci M, Fox KA, Cannon CP; et al. Predictors of major bleeding in acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Eur Heart J. 2003;24(20):1815-1823.
FREE FULL TEXT
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati
What's this?
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
|
Baseline Risk of Major Bleeding in Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: The CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines) Bleeding Score
Subherwal et al.
Circulation 2009;119:1873-1882.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Advanced Age, Antithrombotic Strategy, and Bleeding in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Results From the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) Trial
Lopes et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1021-1030.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Weight assessment in cardiac patients: implications for prescription of low molecular weight heparin
Spicer et al.
Postgrad. Med. J. 2009;85:124-127.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
ACC/AHA 2008 Performance Measures for Adults With ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures for ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Developed in Collaboration With the American Academy of Family Physicians and American College of Emergency Physicians Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Hospital Medicine
Krumholz et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:2046-2099.
FULL TEXT
ACC/AHA 2008 Performance Measures for Adults With ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures for ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction): Developed in Collaboration With the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American College of Emergency Physicians: Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Hospital Medicine
Krumholz et al.
Circulation 2008;118:2596-2648.
FULL TEXT
Evaluating the Evidence: Is There a Rigid Hierarchy?
Ho et al.
Circulation 2008;118:1675-1684.
FULL TEXT
Outcomes in elderly patients with acute coronary syndromes randomized to enoxaparin vs. unfractionated heparin: results from the SYNERGY trial
Lopes et al.
Eur Heart J 2008;29:1827-1833.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Introduction
Haines
Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008;65:S3-S4.
FULL TEXT
Considerations in using anticoagulant therapy in special patient populations
Phillips et al.
Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008;65:S13-S21.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
|
